{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:07:04Z","timestamp":1790856424860,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000092","name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T15LM009451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T15LM009451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DK007658\u201035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DK007658\u201035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00DK127196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00DK127196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM154792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM154792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35HG011293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35HG011293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Genetic Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Most Mendelian randomization (MR) of dietary intake use the full set of genome\u2010wide significant (GWS) variants in the instrumental variable (IV), likely biasing causal estimates due to pleiotropy. To characterize the common methods to handle pleiotropy in dietary intake MR, we conducted a scoping review of the literature on dietary intake MR studies. We extracted information on IV construction, assessment of pleiotropy, and sensitivity analyzes revealing that only 20% of studies used an IV with functional plausibility. In the absence of functionally\u2010informed IVs, we tested if two\u2010sample MR using GWS variants filtered for pleiotropic associations through phenome\u2010wide association studies (PheWAS) could identify diet\u2013health relationships supported by existing nutrition science, focusing on oily fish and alcohol intake, the latter of which has a functionally\u2010informed IV for comparison (rs1229984 in the\n                    <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene). To further explore this question, we performed multivariable MR and employed MR\u2010CAUSE. The numerous models consistently supported that oily fish reduced triglycerides. In contrast, GWS and PheWAS\u2010filtered IVs suggested that alcohol decreased alanine aminotransferase levels, whereas the functional IV (rs1229984) found the opposite expected relationship. Isolating the direct effect of dietary intake from GWS IV remains challenging. Future work should focus on identifying functional variants impacting dietary behavior.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.70059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:26:46Z","timestamp":1790854006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Refining Genetic Instruments for Dietary Intake Mendelian Randomization Using Phenome\u2010Wide Association Studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3704-3560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen J.","family":"Sutton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics University of Colorado Anschutz Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0125-9930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie E.","family":"Gervis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomic Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Metabolism Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moomal","family":"Jatoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics University of Colorado Anschutz Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5535-2199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang\u2010Dar","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey E.","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics University of Colorado Anschutz Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences University of Colorado Denver Denver Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Informatics University of Colorado Anschutz Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6618-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debashis","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Informatics University of Colorado Anschutz Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E.","family":"Westerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolism Program Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9520-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne B.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics University of Colorado Anschutz Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.4.1097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01233-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2017.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03607-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70152-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15193-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45655-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng826"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01720-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04064-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"GWAS Results.2018.http:\/\/www.nealelab.is\/uk-biobank\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-026-04966-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-024-00747-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30187-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0697-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0631-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22338-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010162"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","unstructured":"Results Files for LDSR of UK Biobank GWAS.2022.https:\/\/nealelab.github.io\/UKBB_ldsc\/downloads.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00743-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1999.00898.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00092-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30230-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.117.300630"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.738265","article-title":"Mendelian Randomization Identifies the Potential Causal Impact of Dietary Patterns on Circulating Blood Metabolites","volume":"12","author":"Taba N.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067417"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy271"}],"container-title":["Genetic Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/gepi.70059","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/gepi.70059","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/gepi.70059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:26:50Z","timestamp":1790854010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/gepi.70059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/gepi.70059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gepi.70059","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0741-0395","1098-2272"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0741-0395","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2272","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70059"}}