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However, its role in peripheral nerve regeneration in vivo is not yet understood. Our studies were carried out to characterize (1) the effects of duration of regeneration, and chronic SC denervation on the number of tibial (TIB) motor neurons that regenerated axons over a fixed distance (25 mm into distal common peroneal [CP] nerve stumps), and (2) the effect of in vitro incubation of 6\u2010month chronically denervated sciatic nerve explants with TGF\u2010\u03b2 and forskolin on their capacity to support axonal regeneration in vivo. TIB\u2013CP cross\u2010suture in Silastic tubing was used, and regeneration into 0\u201324\u2010week chronically denervated CP stumps was allowed for either 1.5 or 3 months. Chronically denervated rat sciatic nerve explants (3 \u00d7 3 mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) were incubated in vitro with either DMEM and 15% fetal calf serum (D\u201015) plus TGF\u2010\u03b2\/forskolin or D\u201015 alone for 48 h and placed into a 10\u2010mm Silastic tube that bridged the proximal and distal nerve stumps of a freshly cut TIB nerve. The number of tibial motor neurons that regenerated axons through the explants and 25 mm into the distal nerve stump after 6 months, and TIB regeneration into the CP nerve stumps, were assessed using retrograde tracers, fluorogold, or fluororuby. We found that all tibial motor neurons regenerate their axons 25 mm into 0\u20134\u2010week denervated CP nerve stumps after a regeneration period of 3 months. Reducing regeneration time to 1.5 months and chronic denervation, reduced the number of motor neurons that regenerated axons over 25 mm. Exposure of 6\u2010month denervated nerve explants to TGF\u2010\u03b2\/forskolin increased the number of motor neurons that regenerated through them from 258 \u00b1 13; mean \u00b1 SE to 442 \u00b1 22. Hence, acute treatment of atrophic SC with TGF\u2010\u03b2 can reactivate the growth\u2010permissive SC phenotype to support axonal regeneration. GLIA 37:206\u2013218, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T04:51:41Z","timestamp":1030251101000},"page":"206-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2 and forskolin attenuate the adverse effects of long\u2010term Schwann cell denervation on peripheral nerve regeneration in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Olawale A.R.","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"A quantitative histology of Wallerian degeneration: nuclear population in rabbit sciatic 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