{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T23:40:02Z","timestamp":1780443602972,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,29]],"date-time":"2002-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Glia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant numbers of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop CNS infection primarily in macrophages and microglial cells. Therefore, the regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV\u20101) infection and activation of the brain mononuclear phagocytes subsequent to infection are important areas of investigation. In the current report, we studied the role of granulocyte\u2010macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor (GM\u2010CSF) and macrophage\u2010CSF (M\u2010CSF) in the expression of antiviral \u03b2\u2010chemokines and HIV\u20101 p24 in cultures of primary human fetal microglia. We found that stimulation with GM\u2010CSF or M\u2010CSF induced macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP\u20101\u03b1 and MIP\u20101\u03b2) and augmented RANTES expression, after HIV\u20101 infection of microglia. This was not due to the effect of GM\u2010CSF on viral expression because GM\u2010CSF was neither necessary nor stimulatory for viral infection, nor did GM\u2010CSF enhance the expression of <jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic>\u2010pseudotyped reporter viruses. Blocking GM\u2010CSF\u2010induced microglial proliferation by nocodazole had no effect on \u03b2\u2010chemokine or p24 expression. The functional significance of the GM\u2010CSF\u2010induced \u03b2\u2010chemokines was suggested by the finding that, in the presence of GM\u2010CSF, exogenous \u03b2\u2010chemokines lost their anti\u2010HIV\u20101 effects. We further show that although HIV\u20101\u2010infected microglia produced M\u2010CSF, they failed to produce GM\u2010CSF. In vivo, GM\u2010CSF expression was localized to activated astrocytes and some inflammatory cells in HIV\u20101 encephalitis, suggesting paracrine activation of microglia through GM\u2010CSF. Our results demonstrate a complex interplay between CSFs, chemokines, and virus in microglial cells and may have bearing on the interpretation of data derived in vivo and in vitro. GLIA 39:174\u2013183, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,6]],"date-time":"2002-10-06T12:35:39Z","timestamp":1033907739000},"page":"174-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["GM\u2010CSF and M\u2010CSF modulate \u03b2\u2010chemokine and HIV\u20101 expression in microglia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Qiusheng","family":"Si","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Cosenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng\u2010Liang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harris","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunhee C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.205-213.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9452"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200003100-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(00)01812-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"27505","article-title":"Aggregation of RANTES is responsible for its inflammatory properties: characterization of nonaggregating, noninflammatory RANTES mutants","volume":"274","author":"Appay V","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380404"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315901"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.11.2113"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365666a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.14.6428-6439.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5243.1811"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.62.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381661a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199904160-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1998.14.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1999.0594"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381667a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.4.2717"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.4.1428"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5352","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.10.5352","article-title":"Regulation of RANTES chemokine gene expression requires cooperation between NF\u2010\u03baB and IFN\u2010regulatory factor transcription factors","volume":"164","author":"Genin P","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.4.3351-3361.1998","article-title":"Role of the \u03b2\u2010chemokine receptor CCR3 and CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus type I infection of monocytes and microglia","volume":"72","author":"Ghorpade A","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4707","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-12-04707.1988","article-title":"Colony\u2010stimulating factors are promoters of ameboid microglia","volume":"8","author":"Giulian D","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380510"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/385645a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.15.7311"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200008180-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00315-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60804-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9482"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.9.4955"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"465","article-title":"Characterization of human fetal dissociated CNS cultures with an emphasis on microglia","volume":"67","author":"Lee SC","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"1032","article-title":"Productive infection of human fetal microglia by HIV\u20101","volume":"143","author":"Lee SC","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.7.2659","article-title":"Cytokine production by human fetal microglia and astrocytes: differential induction by LPS and IL\u20101\u03b2","volume":"150","author":"Lee SC","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.2.594","article-title":"Macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF\u20101) in astrocytes and microglia: differential regulation by cytokines and LPS and inhibition of class II MHC expression on microglia","volume":"150","author":"Lee SC","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440120407"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.8.4581"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.8.3569","article-title":"Expression of type II nitric oxide synthase in primary human astrocytes and microglia: role of IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20101 receptor antagonist","volume":"157","author":"Liu J","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199802123380706"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3816","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.10.3816","article-title":"Production of hematopoietic colony\u2010stimulating factors by astrocytes","volume":"144","author":"Malipiero UV","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"The AIDS dementia complex. II. Neuropathology","volume":"17","author":"Navia BA","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190602"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.10.2932"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05858.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.3.909"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.876-881.1998","article-title":"Endogenous production of \u03b2\u2010chemokines by CD4+, but not CD8+, T\u2010cell clones correlates with the clinical state of HIV\u20101\u2010infected individuals and may be responsible for blocking infection with non\u2010syncytium\u2010inducing HIV\u20101 in vitro","volume":"72","author":"Saha K","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111152498"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.9.2928.409k25_2928_2935","article-title":"Hematopoietic growth factors signal through the formation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"93","author":"Sattler M","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07761.x","article-title":"Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF\u2010kappa B transcription factor and HIV\u20101","volume":"10","author":"Schereck R","year":"1991","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06938.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v17.i3-4.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/76191"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7642-7647.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2200125"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360422"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00463-X"}],"container-title":["Glia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fglia.10095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/glia.10095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T18:58:16Z","timestamp":1696877896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/glia.10095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,29]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/glia.10095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.10095","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-1491","1098-1136"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-1491","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-1136","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,29]]}}}