{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:36:50Z","timestamp":1791279410479,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,9]],"date-time":"2003-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1055116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Glia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The extracellular concentrations of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> and Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> are well known to play important roles in the function of the central nervous system. We examined the effects of extracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> and Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> on ATP release and intercellular signaling in astrocytes. The extent of propagation of intercellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> waves evoked by mechanical stimulation was increased by reduction of extracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> ([Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>) or Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> concentration ([Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>) and was decreased by elevated [Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>. Reduction of extracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> concentration ([Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>) evokes intercellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> signaling in astrocytes; a similar effect was observed in response to change from 5 mM [Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> to 0 [Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>. Release of low\u2010molecular\u2010weight dyes and ATP was also activated by low [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> or [Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> and inhibited by high [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> or [Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>. Astrocytes showed low [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>\u2013activated whole cell currents consistent with currents through connexin hemichannels. These currents were inhibited by extracellular Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. We conclude that extracellular divalent cations modulate intercellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> signaling in astrocytes by modulating the release of ATP, possibly via connexin hemichannels. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,28]],"date-time":"2003-07-28T10:14:08Z","timestamp":1059387248000},"page":"265-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Modulation of intercellular calcium signaling in astrocytes by extracellular calcium and 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