{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:32:59Z","timestamp":1791131579163,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,2]],"date-time":"2001-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1001980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Glia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Perivascular cells are a heterogeneous population found in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Several terms are used for these cells, including perivascular cells, perivascular macrophages, perivascular microglia, fluorescent granular perithelial cells (FGP), or Mato cells. Different terminology used may reflect subpopulations of perivascular cells within different anatomic regions and experimental paradigms, neuropathological conditions, and species studied. Different terminology also points to the lack of clear consensus of what cells are perivascular cells in different disease states and models, especially with breakdown of the blood\u2010brain barrier (BBB). Despite this, there is consensus that perivascular cells, although a minor component of the CNS, are important immunoregulatory cells. Perivascular cells are bone marrow derived, continuously turn over in the CNS, and are found adjacent to CNS vessels. Thus, they are potential sensors of CNS and peripheral immune system perturbations; are activated in models of CNS inflammation, autoimmune disease, neuronal injury and death; and are implicated as phagocytic and pinocytotic cells in models of stroke and hypertension. Recent evidence from our laboratory implicate perivascular cells as primary targets of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in the CNS of humans and macaques. This article reviews current knowledge of perivascular cells, including anatomic location and nomenclature and putative immunoregulatory roles, and discusses new data on the infection of these cells by SIV, their accumulation after SIV infection, and a possible role of the immune system in SIV encephalitis. GLIA 36:156\u2013164, 2001. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T19:53:55Z","timestamp":1030305235000},"page":"156-164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["Central nervous system perivascular cells are immunoregulatory cells that connect the CNS with the peripheral immune system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(99)01512-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199602)16:2<129::AID-GLIA5>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(93)90053-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440150407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90075-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903550208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902110407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070270603"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Early viral replication in the brain of SIV\u2010infected rhesus monkeys","volume":"139","author":"Chakrabarti L","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199503000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"589","article-title":"The heterogeneity of mononuclear phagocytes in lymphoid organs: distinct macrophage subpopulations in the rat recognized by monoclonal antibodies ED1, ED2 and ED3","volume":"54","author":"Dijkstra CD","year":"1985","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970505)381:2<119::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92603-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440070108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.9.4309","article-title":"Normal adult ramified microglia separated from other central nervous system macrophages by flow cytometric sorting. Phenotypic differences defined and direct ex vivo antigen presentation to myelin basic protein\u2010 reactive CD4+ T cells compared","volume":"154","author":"Ford AL","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902310407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199409000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90020-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490220114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(90)90061-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199205000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(89)90136-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/385645a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.7.2082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3276004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(87)90311-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199205000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199205000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00334675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3016903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"428","article-title":"Early events in tissues during infection with pathogenic (SIVmac239) and nonpathogenic (SIVmac1A11) molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus","volume":"145","author":"Lackner AA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289609146909"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00688294"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490280211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440070106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1994.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00685972"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","first-page":"486","article-title":"Studies on fluorescent granular perithelium (F.G.P.) of rat cerebral cortex\u2014especially referring to morphological changes in aging","volume":"149","author":"Mato M","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anat Anz"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01952574"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3269"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199807)251:3<330::AID-AR8>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(87)90032-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294647"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1994.1011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199701000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90215-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","volume-title":"The fine structure of the nervous system: the neurons and supporting cells","author":"Peters A","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3277272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Cellular localization of the chemokine receptor CCR5. Correlation to cellular targets of HIV\u20101 infection","volume":"151","author":"Rottman JB","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289609146906"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5403.857"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.16.7438"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199401000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","first-page":"547","article-title":"Early intrathecal events in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) infected with pathogenic or nonpathogenic molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus","volume":"72","author":"Smith MO","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440070112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(89)90111-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(89)90167-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199409000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"HLA class II molecules (HLA\u2010DR, DP, DQ) on cells in the human CNS studied in situ and in vitro","volume":"82","author":"Ulvestad E","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)90340-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199309000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Bone marrow\u2010derived elements in the peripheral nervous system. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigation in chimeric rats","volume":"69","author":"Vass K","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289809114527"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","first-page":"659","article-title":"Chemokine receptor expression on resident and inflammatory cells in the brain of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis","volume":"152","author":"Westmoreland SV","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360422"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1990.tb01274.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199209000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830241217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.8.905"}],"container-title":["Glia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fglia.1105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/glia.1105","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/glia.1105","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/glia.1105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T11:27:43Z","timestamp":1692790063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/glia.1105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,2]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/glia.1105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.1105","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-1491","1098-1136"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-1491","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-1136","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,2]]}}}