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In this study, we show that PEDF changes microglial morphology within 1 h of exposure, to a more deactivated form, while having no effect on the expression of such activation markers as OX\u201042 and ED\u20101. In contrast, urea activates acid phosphatase, and PEDF blocks that activation. PEDF also activates NF\u03baB, accompanied by the induction of mRNAs and proteins for the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein\u20101\u03b1 (MIP\u20101\u03b1, MIP\u20102, and MIP\u20103\u03b1. All the chemokines stimulate acid phosphatase activity, and high doses of MIP\u20102 and MIP\u20103\u03b1), alter the morphology of the microglia at 1 h after treatment. These results suggest that the use of PEDF for clinical treatments, such as for retinal neovascularization, brain injury, or ischemia, should be undertaken with caution because of the possibility of induction of inflammation caused by microglial or other immune cell migration in response to the chemokines induced by PEDF. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,6]],"date-time":"2005-04-06T18:47:15Z","timestamp":1112813235000},"page":"266-278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Pigment epithelium\u2010derived factor induces the production of chemokines by rat microglia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Asako","family":"Takanohashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Yabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan P.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(01)56006-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01091.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490380402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5391-5_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)49439-8","article-title":"Overexpression of fetal human pigment epithelium\u2010derived factor in Escherichia coli. 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