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In rats subjected to hypoxia exposure, ET immunoexpression in AMC was reduced but the incidence of apoptotic cells was not increased when compared with the control suggesting that this was due to its downregulation that may help regulate the constriction of blood vessels bearing ET\u2010A receptor. AMC were endowed ET\u2010B receptor indicating that ET released by the cells may also act via an autocrine manner. In microglia activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ET\u20101 mNA expression coupled with that of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP\u20101) and stromal derived factor\u20101 (SDF\u20101) was markedly increased; ET\u20103 mRNA, however, remained unaffected. AMC exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro resulted in increase in both ET\u20101 and ET\u20103 mRNA expression. It is suggested that the downregulated ETs expression in vivo of AMC subjected to hypoxia as opposed to its upregulated expression in vitro may be due to the complexity of the brain tissue. Furthermore, the differential ET\u20101 and ET\u20103 mRNA expression in LPS and OGD treatments may be due to different signaling pathways independently regulating the two isoforms. The present novel finding has added microglia as a new cellular source of ET that may take part in multiple functions including regulating vascular constriction and chemokines release. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]],"date-time":"2006-08-08T23:12:08Z","timestamp":1155078728000},"page":"513-525","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Transient expression of endothelins in the amoeboid microglial cells in the developing rat 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