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However, the underlying mechanisms regulating SDF\u20101 production during disease are not completely understood. In this report we investigated the role of HIV\u20101 infected and immune competent macrophage, the principal target cell and mediator of neuronal injury and death in HAD, in regulating SDF\u20101 production by astrocytes. Our data demonstrated that astrocytes are the primary cell type expressing SDF\u20101 in the brain. Immune\u2010activated or HIV\u20101\u2010infected human monocyte\u2010derived\u2010macrophage (MDM) conditioned media (MCM) induced a substantial increase in SDF\u20101 production by human astrocytes. This SDF\u20101 production was directly dependent on MDM IL\u20101\u03b2 following both viral and immune activation. The MCM\u2010induced production of SDF\u20101 was prevented by IL\u20101\u03b2 receptor antagonist (IL\u20101Ra) and IL\u20101\u03b2 siRNA treatment of human MDM. These laboratory observations were confirmed in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with HIV\u20101 encephalitis (HIVE). In these HIVE mice, reactive astrocytes showed a significant increase in SDF\u20101 expression, as observed by immunocytochemical staining. Similarly, SDF\u20101 mRNA levels were increased in the encephalitic region as measured by real time RT\u2010PCR, and correlated with IL\u20101\u03b2 mRNA expression. These observations provide direct evidence that IL\u20101\u03b2, produced from HIV\u20101\u2010infected and\/or immune competent macrophage, induces production of SDF\u20101 by astrocytes, and as such contribute to ongoing SDF\u20101 mediated CNS regulation during HAD. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,30]],"date-time":"2006-08-30T15:34:46Z","timestamp":1156952086000},"page":"619-629","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["HIV\u20101\u2010infected and\/or immune activated macrophages regulate astrocyte SDF\u20101 production through 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