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However, its expression by resident microglial cells <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> remains uncertain. In this work, we aimed to elucidate the murine CNS expression of uPAR and uPA as well as that of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI\u20101) during insults generating distinct and well\u2010characterized inflammatory responses; acute intracerebral lipopolysaccharide (LPS), acute kainate\u2010induced neurodegeneration, and chronic neurodegeneration induced by prion disease inoculation. All three insults induced marked expression of uPAR at both mRNA and protein level compared to controls (na\u00efve, saline, or control inoculum\u2010injected). uPAR expression was microglial in all cases. Conversely, uPA transcription and activity was only markedly increased during chronic neurodegeneration. Dissociation of uPA and uPAR levels in acute challenges is suggestive of additional proteolysis\u2010independent roles for uPAR. PAI\u20101 was most highly expressed upon LPS challenge, whereas tissue plasminogen activator mRNA was constitutively present and less responsive to all insults studied. These data are novel and suggest much wider involvement of the uPAR\/uPA system in CNS function and pathology than previously supposed. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]],"date-time":"2009-05-21T00:23:43Z","timestamp":1242865423000},"page":"1802-1814","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Microglia and the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor\/uPA system in innate brain inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Orla","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Campion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. 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