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Schwann cells of the peripheral nerves express glucocorticoid receptors (GR), and glucocorticoids enhance the rate of myelin formation <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Therefore, it is possible that the clinical improvement of peripheral nerve disorders by glucocorticoids is due, at least in part, to the modulation of myelination. In this study, an adrenalectomy (ADX) was performed, and followed by a daily injection of either low dose (1 mg\/kg) or high dose (10 mg\/kg) corticosterone (CORT). We then simulated a crush injury of the sciatic nerves. A sham ADX operation, followed by a simulated crush injury, was conducted as a control. Immunohistochemistry showed that the nuclei of <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> Schwann cells expressed GR and that glucocorticoids impacted the GR immunoreactivity of the Schwann cells. The mRNA and protein expression of myelin basic protein was significantly lower in the animals given ADX with vehicle than in the sham operation group. However, the expression was restored in the low\u2010dose CORT replacement group. Morphological analyses showed that the ADX with vehicle group had a significantly lower myelin thickness than did the low\u2010dose CORT replacement group and the sham operation group. These results suggest that endogenous glucocorticoids have an important role in myelination through the GR in Schwann cells after an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> peripheral nerve injury. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,18]],"date-time":"2010-02-18T22:05:53Z","timestamp":1266530753000},"page":"954-963","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Endogenous glucocorticoids improve myelination via Schwann cells after peripheral nerve injury: An <i>in vivo<\/i> study using a crush injury 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