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Recently, several cytosolic DExD\/H box RNA helicases including retinoic acid\u2010inducible gene I (RIG\u2010I) have been described that function as intracellular sensors of replicative RNA viruses. Here, we demonstrate that primary human astrocytes constitutively express RIG\u2010I and show that such expression is elevated following exposure to a model neurotropic RNA virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Evidence for the functional nature of RIG\u2010I expression in these cells comes from the observation that this molecule associates with its downstream effector molecule, interferon promoter stimulator\u20101, following VSV infection and from the finding that a specific ligand for RIG\u2010I elicits astrocyte immune responses. Importantly, RIG\u2010I knockdown significantly reduces inflammatory cytokine production by VSV\u2010infected astrocytes and inhibits the production of soluble neurotoxic mediators by these cells. These findings directly implicate RIG\u2010I in the initiation of inflammatory immune responses by human glial cells and provide a potential mechanism underlying the neuronal cell death associated with acute viral CNS infections. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,23]],"date-time":"2010-06-23T19:59:21Z","timestamp":1277323161000},"page":"1620-1629","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["RIG\u2010I mediates nonsegmented negative\u2010sense RNA virus\u2010induced inflammatory immune responses of primary human astrocytes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Samantha R.","family":"Furr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Moerdyk\u2010Schauwecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valery 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