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However, the characterization of these cells and the signals triggering their <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> generation have remained enigmatic. In the present study, we used the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup>) as a marker for Schwann cells to study gliogenesis in the well\u2010defined canine distemper virus (CDV)\u2010induced demyelination model. White matter lesions of CDV\u2010infected dogs contained bi\u2010 to multipolar, p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup>\u2010expressing cells that neither expressed MBP, GFAP, BS\u20101, or P0 identifying oligodendroglia, astrocytes, microglia, and myelinating Schwann cells nor CDV antigen. Interestingly, p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup>\u2010expression became apparent prior to the onset of demyelination in parallel to the expression of \u03b2\u2010amyloid precursor protein (\u03b2\u2010APP), nonphosphorylated neurofilament (n\u2010NF), BS\u20101, and CD3, and peaked in subacute lesions with inflammation. To study the role of infiltrating immune cells during differentiation of Schwann cell\u2010like glia, organotypic slice cultures from the normal olfactory bulb were established. Despite the absence of infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages, a massive appearance of p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup>\u2010positive Schwann\u2010like cells and BS\u20101\u2010positive microglia was noticed at 10 days <jats:italic>in vitro.<\/jats:italic> It is concluded that axonal damage as an early signal triggers the differentiation of tissue\u2010resident precursor cells into p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup>\u2010expressing aldynoglial Schwann cells that retain an immature pre\u2010myelin state. Further studies have to address the role of microglia during this process and the regenerative potential of aldynoglial cells in CDV infection and other demyelinating diseases. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,9]],"date-time":"2011-11-09T19:07:27Z","timestamp":1320865647000},"page":"358-371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Increased p75 neurotrophin receptor expression in the canine distemper virus model of multiple sclerosis identifies aldynoglial schwann cells that emerge in response to axonal 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