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To gain knowledge about the immune response elicited by <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> in the brain, we used a rat <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> organotypic nervous system culture as a model for <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic> infection. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that activated microglial cells showing a typical amoeboid morphology are quickly recruited to the surface of the explants after the infection. After bacterial engulfment, these cells appear to act as Trojan horses, releasing the engulfed bacteria inside the brain tissue. We describe cycles of microglial phagocytosis, necrotic cell death and the subsequent removal of cell debris for the first time. Furthermore, we used this <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> model to assess the expression profiles of immune relevant genes up to 24 h postinfection by means of q\u2010PCR\u2010arrays, finding that a number of inflammation\u2010promoting genes are upregulated. Shortly after infection by <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>, upregulated genes were those that encoded molecules involved in Th1 responses, being the Ccl2 chemokine and members of the interleukin1\u2010\u03b2 family the most abundant immunomodulatory signals expressed. After 5 h of infection, <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> caused a substantial increase in the expression of TLR1 and TLR2 genes, as well as in several downstream genes of the TLR signaling pathways. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,16]],"date-time":"2013-01-16T09:57:21Z","timestamp":1358330241000},"page":"611-622","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Microglial activation and expression of immune\u2010related genes in a rat <i>ex vivo<\/i> nervous system model after infection with <i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Remuzgo\u2010Mart\u00cdnez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Pilares\u2010Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose 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