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BM chimeras are widely used to dissect functions and origin of microglia and blood\u2010derived mononuclear cells under homeostatic or pathological conditions. This is facilitated by the fact that microglia survive irradiation and are thus regarded radio\u2010resistant. In this study, we tested whether microglia are indeed radio\u2010resistant and looked for potential mechanisms that might explain this phenomenon. We analyzed the radio\u2010resistance of microglia independently of their physiological brain environment compared to other mononuclear cells from spleen and brain after X\u2010irradiation with 7 Gy or 30 Gy. Furthermore, we investigated long\u2010term effects of X\u2010irradiation on microglia using organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). We found a significant higher survival rate of isolated microglia 4 hr after X\u2010irradiation with 30 Gy accompanied by a decreased proliferation rate. Investigations of apoptosis\u2010related genes revealed no regulation of a specific antiapoptotic pathway but ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a DNA\u2010repair\u2010related gene, was significantly upregulated in isolated microglia 4 hr after 30 Gy. Irradiation of OHSCs with 7 and 30 Gy revealed a highly and significantly decreased cell number, morphological changes and an increase in migration velocity of microglia. Furthermore, cell loss, increased soma size and process length of microglia was also found in BM chimeras irradiated with 9.5 Gy 5\u00a0weeks after irradiation. Here, we present new evidence implying that microglia are not a homogeneous population of radio\u2010resistant cells and report on long\u2010term alterations of microglia that survived irradiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T10:44:48Z","timestamp":1507632288000},"page":"15-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Impact of X\u2010irradiation on microglia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Franziska","family":"Menzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susann","family":"Haehnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felicitas","family":"Rapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Patties","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Therapy Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Sch\u00f6neberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhana","family":"Haimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0438-3171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Immig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Bechmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Image processing with ImageJ","volume":"11","author":"Abr\u00e0moff M. 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