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In this article we review published results and report new data suggesting that astrocytes function as versatile metabolic sensors of central nervous system (CNS) milieu and play an important role in the maintenance of brain metabolic homeostasis. We discuss anatomical and functional features of astrocytes that allow them to detect and respond to changes in the brain parenchymal levels of metabolic substrates (oxygen and glucose), and metabolic waste products (carbon dioxide). We report data suggesting that astrocytes are also sensitive to circulating endocrine signals\u2014hormones like ghrelin, glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 and leptin, that have a major impact on the CNS mechanisms controlling food intake and energy balance. We discuss signaling mechanisms that mediate communication between astrocytes and neurons and consider how these mechanisms are recruited by astrocytes activated in response to various metabolic challenges. We review experimental data suggesting that astrocytes modulate the activities of the respiratory and autonomic neuronal networks that ensure adaptive changes in breathing and sympathetic drive in order to support the physiological and behavioral demands of the organism in ever\u2010changing environmental conditions. Finally, we discuss evidence suggesting that altered astroglial function may contribute to the pathogenesis of disparate neurological, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders such as Rett syndrome and systemic arterial hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,24]],"date-time":"2017-12-24T05:17:28Z","timestamp":1514092648000},"page":"1185-1199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Brain metabolic sensing and metabolic signaling at the level of an astrocyte"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nephtali","family":"Marina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology &amp; Pharmacology University College London London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom"},{"name":"Research Department of Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicine University College London London WC1E 6JJ United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egor","family":"Turovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Signalling Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences Pushchino Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel N","family":"Christie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology &amp; Pharmacology University College London London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick S","family":"Hosford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology &amp; Pharmacology University College London London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hadjihambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology &amp; Pharmacology University College London London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Korsak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology &amp; Pharmacology University College London London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology &amp; 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