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In AD brains, plaque\u2010associated myeloid (PAM) cells cluster around A\u03b2 plaques but fail to effectively clear A\u03b2 by phagocytosis. PAM cells were originally thought to be brain\u2010resident microglia. However, several studies have also suggested that A\u03b2\u2010induced inflammation causes peripheral monocytes to enter the otherwise immune\u2010privileged brain. The relationship between AD progression and inflammation in the brain remains ambiguous because microglia and monocyte\u2010derived macrophages are extremely difficult to distinguish from one another in an inflamed brain. Whether PAM cells are microglia, peripheral macrophages, or a mixture of both remains unclear. CD11a is a component of the \u03b22 integrin LFA1. We have determined that CD11a is highly expressed on peripheral immune cells, including macrophages, but is not expressed by mouse microglia. These expression patterns remain consistent in LPS\u2010treated inflamed mice, as well as in two mouse models of AD. Thus, CD11a can be used as a marker to distinguish murine microglia from infiltrating peripheral immune cells. Using CD11a, we show that PAM cells in AD transgenic brains are comprised entirely of microglia. We also demonstrate a novel fluorescence\u2010assisted quantification technique (FAQT), which reveals a significant increase in T lymphocytes, especially in the brains of female AD mice. Our findings support the notion that microglia are the lead myeloid players in AD and that rejuvenating their phagocytic potential may be an important therapeutic strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T23:00:22Z","timestamp":1545865222000},"page":"844-856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["CD11a expression distinguishes infiltrating myeloid cells from plaque\u2010associated microglia in Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Ankita K.","family":"Shukla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center University of California Irvine  Irvine California"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California Irvine  Irvine California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center University of California Irvine  Irvine California"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California Irvine  Irvine California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel E.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center University of California Irvine  Irvine California"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior University of California Irvine  Irvine California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California Irvine  Irvine California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn M.","family":"Hoover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California Irvine  Irvine California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig M.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center University of California Irvine  Irvine California"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California Irvine  Irvine California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa B.","family":"Lodoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California Irvine  Irvine California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Blurton\u2010Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center University of California Irvine  Irvine California"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior University of California Irvine  Irvine California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-2076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Inlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center University of California Irvine  Irvine California"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California Irvine  Irvine California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23074"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525528113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.10.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3599"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3585"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1715"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199801)22:1<72::AID-GLIA7>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1123"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2014.09.007"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.9.4309","article-title":"Normal adult ramified microglia separated from other central nervous system macrophages by flow cytometric sorting. 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