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In this study, we investigated the microglial alterations occurring as a result of sphingosine 1\u2010phosphate (S1P) accumulation in neural cells. We evidenced increased microglial activation in the brains of neural S1P\u2010lyase (SGPL1) ablated mice (SGPL1\n                    <jats:sup>fl\/fl\/Nes<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) as shown by an activated and deramified morphology and increased activation markers on microglia. In addition, an increase of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines in sorted and primary cultured microglia generated from SGPL1 deficient mice was noticed. Further, we assessed autophagy, one of the major mechanisms in the brain that keeps inflammation in check. Indeed, microglial inflammation was accompanied by defective microglial autophagy in SGPL1 ablated mice. Rescuing autophagy by treatment with rapamycin was sufficient to decrease interleukin 6 (IL\u20106) but not tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion in cultured microglia. Rapamycin mediated decrease of IL\u20106 secretion suggests a particular mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)\u2010IL\u20106 link and appeared to be microglia specific. Using pharmacological inhibitors of the major receptors of S1P expressed in the microglia, we identified S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2) as the mediator of both impaired autophagy and proinflammatory effects. In line with these results, the addition of exogenous S1P to BV2 microglial cells showed similar effects as those observed in the genetic knock out of SGPL1 in the neural cells. In summary, we show a novel role of the S1P\u2010S1PR2 axis in the microglia of mice with neural\u2010targeted SGPL1 ablation and in BV2 microglial cell line exogenously treated with S1P.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]],"date-time":"2019-06-24T04:59:29Z","timestamp":1561352369000},"page":"1859-1872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Neural sphingosine 1\u2010phosphate accumulation activates microglia and links impaired autophagy and inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Indulekha","family":"Karunakaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology &amp; Lipid Biochemistry University of Bonn  Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology University Hospital of Bonn  Bonn 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