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Treatment of cells with dibutyryl cAMP or forskolin and 3\u2010isobutyl\u20101\u2010methylxan\u2010thine increased steady\u2010state GFAP mRNA levels. Short\u2010term treatment of cells with phorbol\u201012\u2010myristate\u201013\u2010acetate (PMA) increased GFAP mRNA levels, but prolonged treatment of cells with PMA or 1\u2010oleoyl\u20102\u2010acetyl\u2010rac\u2010glycerol produced a dramatic decrease in GFAP mRNA; 4\u2010beta\u2010phorbol had no effect. Thus, both cAMP\u2010dependent kinase and protein kinase C may exert regulatory roles in determining GFAP mRNA levels. Nuclear run\u2010off studies showed no change in GFAP mRNA synthesis after cAMP or PMA treatment, suggesting post\u2010transcriptional mechanisms. Western blot analysis revealed that the effect of PMA on U\u2010373MG cells shows specificity in that GFA protein levels decline, while those of other major cytoskeletal proteins were unaltered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440010507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T12:04:54Z","timestamp":1104581094000},"page":"346-354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Astrocytes regulate GFAP mRNA levels by cyclic AMP and protein kinase C\u2010dependent mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Bridget","family":"Shafit\u2010Zagardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Kume\u2010Iwaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(81)90476-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(81)90052-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7323"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)95721-2","article-title":"Fate of immunoprecipitable protein kinase C in GH3 cells treated with phorbol 12\u2010myristate\u201013\u2010acetate","volume":"260","author":"Ballester R.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. 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