{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T15:37:55Z","timestamp":1762270675985},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]],"date-time":"2004-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5033,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Glia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have immunohistochemically characterized the forms and distribution of microglia\u2014the macrophages of the CNS\u2014in fish, using a new monoclonal antibody (mAb), FL.1. This mAb specifically reacts with resident macrophages throughout the body in <jats:italic>Oreochromine<\/jats:italic> fish, including Kupffer cells, gut\u2010associated myeloid cells, and peritoneal macrophages, as well as with microglia, but circulating monocytes are not labelled with FL.1. The FL.1\u2010epitope, which is lost following treatment with reducing agents, has an extracellular location and is associated with three integral membrane glycoprotein variants.<\/jats:p><jats:p>FL.1\u2010staining shows that microglia are extremely abundant throughout the fish CNS. For example, they comprise a third of the glia in the optic nerve, and 30% of all cells, including neurons, in the spinal cord, i.e., fish have about tenfold more microglia than mammals. Two forms of FL.1\u2010positive microglia are predominant in fish, one resembling their mammalian counterparts, but less ramified, and the other comprising smaller rounded cells with very little cytoplasm, which are most numerous in the ependymal region of the optic tectum.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Apart from the conventional microglia, the optic nerves also contain large lipid\u2010laden macrophages which comprise a third form of FL.1\u2010positive cell in the CNS. Fish optic nerves contain astrocytes of a distinct type which form reticular networks, but lack connections to capillaries (Maggs and Scholes, <jats:italic>J. Neurosci.<\/jats:italic> 1990;10:1600\u20131614). The co\u2010distribution of foamy macrophages may have a metabolic role that is performed by ordinary astrocytes elsewhere in the CNS. An antiserum against the \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> subunit of the human leukocyte integrins (Kishimoto et al., <jats:italic>Cell<\/jats:italic> 1987a; 50:193\u2013202) was found selectively to recognize the foamy macrophages in <jats:italic>Oreochromis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Following lesion to the optic nerve, FL.1\u2010labelling shows that microglia proliferate throughout the visual pathway. In the optic tectum, the additional FL.1\u2010positive cells are concentrated in the vicinity of degenerating retinal axons and their terminals. Most of the microglia in the injured optic nerve have amoeboid morphologies, and the foamy macrophages become depleted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440040403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T13:03:26Z","timestamp":1104584606000},"page":"345-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Diversity amongst the microglia in growing and regenerating fish CNS: Immunohistochemical characterization using FL. 1, an anti\u2010macrophage monoclonal antibody"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Alan J.","family":"Dowding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Maggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Scholes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.38.020187.001135"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(63)90093-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.8.2722"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"423","article-title":"The ultrastructure of the subependymal plate in the rat","volume":"104","author":"Blakemore W. 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