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For decades, research focused almost exclusively on how neuroinflammation impacted neuronal function; however, there is accumulating evidence that injury to the oligodendrocyte lineage is an important component for both pathologic and clinical outcomes. While oligodendrocytes are able to undergo an endogenous repair process known as remyelination, this process becomes inefficient and usually fails in the presence of sustained inflammation. The present review focuses on our current knowledge regarding activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems in the chronic demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis, and provides evidence that sustained neuroinflammation in other neurologic conditions, such as perinatal white matter injury, traumatic brain injury, and viral infections, converges on oligodendrocyte injury. Lastly, the therapeutic potential of targeting the impact of inflammation on the oligodendrocyte lineage in these diseases is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T20:59:08Z","timestamp":1741726748000},"page":"1113-1129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Neuroinflammation: An Oligodendrocentric View"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-9532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay K.","family":"Festa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia Pennsylvania 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