{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:01:08Z","timestamp":1785214868733,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K06972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K06972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K07543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K07543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Glia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain undergoes dynamic remodeling during development and is crucial for neuronal plasticity. While chondroitin sulfates (CS) regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, their relationship with oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) and synaptic plasticity remains unclear. This study investigated a novel CS\u2010rich ECM structure, its origin, and its role in synaptic plasticity. Using immunohistochemistry, disaccharide analysis, and dendritic spine characterization in mice, we examined postnatal development and analyzed single\u2010cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing data from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. We identified patch\u2010like structures labeled with the chondroitin sulfate 56 (CS56) antibody (CS clusters) distinct from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Wisteria floribunda<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    agglutinin\u2010positive perineuronal nets. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells expressing G protein\u2010coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) localized at CS cluster centers, emerging postnatally and peaking at day 14, preceded CS cluster formation. ScRNA sequencing of\n                    <jats:italic>Gpr17<\/jats:italic>\n                    + cells revealed the expression of carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 (\n                    <jats:italic>Chst3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and uronyl 2\u2010sulfotransferase (\n                    <jats:italic>Ust<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), genes coding enzymes synthesizing type C and D CS disaccharides, the primary components of the CS56 antibody epitope. Disaccharide analysis revealed elevated levels of type D chondroitin sulfate at day 35. Notably, dendritic spines within the CS clusters were longer and larger than those outside these regions, suggesting enhanced synaptic connectivity. Our findings reveal a CS\u2010rich structure in the brain ECM that is causally linked to GPR17+ oligodendrocyte lineage cells and closely related to neuronal circuit development. The morphological differences in dendritic spines within CS clusters and persistence of GPR17+ oligodendrocyte lineage cells beyond the postnatal period suggest additional functions that warrant further investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.70188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:05:59Z","timestamp":1783555559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>GPR17<\/scp>\n                    + Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells Regulate the Critical Period of Brain Development Through Novel Chondroitin Sulfate\u2010Rich Structures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2809-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Aging Biology in Health and Disease Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0980-9896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelien","family":"Kerever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Aging Biology in Health and Disease Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2647-387X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7473-4209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taro","family":"Kunitomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9277-6159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kana","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3201-0919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Aging Biology in Health and Disease Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2622-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyohei","family":"Higashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Analytical Biochemistry Tokyo University of Science  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6015-8374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chihiro","family":"Akazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intractable Disease Research Center Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5625-8460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fumihito","family":"Saitow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine Nippon Medical School  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5982-8983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidenori","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine Nippon Medical School  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4959-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eri","family":"Arikawa\u2010Hirasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Aging Biology in Health and Disease Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.22\u201006\u201002225.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2974\u201009.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092\u20108674(92)90531\u2010g"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106315"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2007.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125646"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.1999.0781"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114112"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200304154"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m600544200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24426"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583\u2010019\u20100196\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302\u2010013\u20109366\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m110.162867"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20184"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2014.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.12\u201007\u201002685.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.09\u201008\u201002982.1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.70020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.10.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441\u2010008\u20100698\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwi036"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1068990"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.ra120.015105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3467\u201012.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3550"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23807"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021\u20109258(18)88383\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2014.00116"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.3c00062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.890509"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901650206"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059\u2010019\u20101662\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6463"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471\u20104159.1994.62041285.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010021\u201001210\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254960"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.5425\u201006.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14574"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.16\u201022\u201007240.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896\u20106273(01)00413\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0805\u201013.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1054\u20103589(05)53012\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2495"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565\u2010017\u20100420\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m113.504787"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.120847"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.128"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010024\u201001743\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1740925x09990354"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2024.\u201cR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6381"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107591"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22554"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001997"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","unstructured":"RStudio Team.2023.\u201cRStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7233230"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.16\u201003\u201001163.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20106606\u20103\u201031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471\u20104159.2011.07370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1326"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020479"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2351\u201016.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102202\u20108\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws313"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.215802"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14789\/jmj.2019.65.jmj18\u2010oa13"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2018.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22929"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.032649"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2018.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583\u2010020\u201000379\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giaa151"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1860\u201014.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092\u20108674(02)00677"}],"container-title":["Glia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/glia.70188","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/glia.70188","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/glia.70188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:37:36Z","timestamp":1785213456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/glia.70188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/glia.70188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.70188","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-1491","1098-1136"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-1491","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-1136","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70188"}}