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In the developing retina, spontaneous cholinergic retinal waves are the primary source of neural activity during the early maturation of the vasculature. Here, we test the hypothesis that retinal waves influence angiogenesis and the maturation of the glial\u2013vascular interface. We first found that retinal vasculature grew normally in mice lacking \u03b22\u2010containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor\u2013mediated retinal waves, demonstrating that early spontaneous activity is not required for angiogenesis. We next examined how M\u00fcller glia establish and signal at the developing glial\u2013vascular interface. Sparse labeling and immunohistochemistry revealed that M\u00fcller glial lateral processes closely associate with endothelial tip cells during intermediate and deep layer angiogenesis and establish Aquaporin\u20104\u2013enriched endfeet at vascular contact sites from the earliest stages of vascular growth. These associations were stable across development and persisted even when diving\u2010vessel trajectories were disrupted in Piezo2 conditional knockouts. To determine whether glial signaling at the vascular interface is coupled to retinal waves, we combined two\u2010photon calcium imaging with simultaneous retinal ganglion cell voltage\u2010clamp recordings. M\u00fcller glial endfeet exhibited robust, compartmentalized calcium transients that were largely uncorrelated with retinal waves. Although blocking GABA\u2010A receptors with gabazine increased wave\u2010correlated activity in all glial compartments, the majority of endfoot calcium signaling remained wave\u2010independent. Together, these findings support a model in which both angiogenesis and establishment of the M\u00fcller glial\u2013vascular interface proceed through wave\u2010independent developmental programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.70204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:24:02Z","timestamp":1785907442000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["M\u00fcller Glia\u2013Vasculature Interactions in the Developing Retina"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Samira","family":"Monshietehadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel J.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Tarchick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiara","family":"Abhayaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aileen","family":"Conley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marla B.","family":"Feller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20\u201020\u201007672.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1782\u201016.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.182279"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2025.103085"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190249"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010022\u201004104\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010neuro\u2010091922\u2010031205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5309\u201012.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1526\u2010968X(200002)26:2<130::AID\u2010GENE9>3.0.CO;2\u2010I"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111549"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200302047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109674"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krull A. 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