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Their expression in glial cells may also be of great importance given these cells' involvement in various disease processes. Here we identify a previously unrecognized voltage\u2010gated sodium channel Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    1.6\u2010enriched microdomain in mouse retinal astrocytes. Using super\u2010resolution confocal microscopy, electrophysiology, and transcriptomic analyses, we show that Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    1.6 forms high\u2010density clusters within intracellular compartments devoid of the calcium\u2010binding protein, S100\u03b2, typically understood to distribute throughout the entire astrocyte. These Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    1.6 pockets are polarized, clustering only on the bilayer facing retinal ganglion cell neurons, and are packed with unusually large, anaplerotic, and relatively depolarized mitochondria that closely appose Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    1.6 puncta. These metabolic compartments also accumulate high levels of GABA. Together, our findings reveal a specialized Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    1.6\u2010mitochondrial complex in retinal astrocytes that expands the functional repertoire of voltage\u2010gated sodium channels beyond direct neuronal electrical excitability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.70238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:57:38Z","timestamp":1790229458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel\n                    <scp>\n                      Na\n                      <sub>V<\/sub>\n                      1.6\n                    <\/scp>\n                    \u2010Mitochondrial Complexes in Retinal Astrocyte Pockets Sequester\n                    <scp>GABA<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9304-6013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph Matthew","family":"Holden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8475-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David John","family":"Calkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2016.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.108162"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02435"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20109568.1995.tb01027.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20109568.1994.tb01002.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24571"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440110305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.70022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1244679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109916"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.115032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/317809a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22671"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13470"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.318239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.78.6.3249"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(96)10039-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14\u201005\u201002464.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12564"}],"container-title":["Glia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/glia.70238","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/glia.70238","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/glia.70238","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:12:37Z","timestamp":1790392357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/glia.70238"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/glia.70238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.70238","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-1491","1098-1136"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-1491","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-1136","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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