{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:26:36Z","timestamp":1792808796221,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,20]],"date-time":"2006-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1158710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Geriat Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine if there are differences in depressive symptoms between residents of urban areas, small town zones, and predominantly rural regions and to determine factors associated with depressive symptoms among these groups of residents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was set in the Canadian province of Manitoba amongst a community\u2010dwelling population of older adults who were cognitively intact. The design of the study was a cross\u2010sectional survey and measures included age, gender, education, living arrangements, number of persons providing companionship, perceived adequacy of income, functional impairment, self\u2010rated health and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies\u2014Depression (CES\u2010D) scale. Urban\/rural residence was measured by grouping Census sub\u2010divisions according to 1991 Census population: urban (&gt;19,999); small town (2500 to 19,999); or predominantly rural (&lt;2500).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the total sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091382), 11.5% exhibited depressive symptoms: 11.6% in urban areas (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009844); 14.0% in small town zones (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009250); 9.0% in predominantly rural regions (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009288) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05, chi\u2010square test). No rural\u2010urban differences were seen in multivariate models. In predominantly rural regions, living alone, perceiving one's income as inadequate, and having functional impairment were associated with depressive symptoms. The only significant factor in small town zones was poorer self\u2010rated health whereas in urban areas, poorer self\u2010rated health, functional impairment, and fewer persons providing companionship were significantly related to depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We did not observe rural\u2010urban differences. However, the factors associated with depressive symptoms varied among older adults living in predominantly rural regions, in small towns, and in urban areas. 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