{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:05:56Z","timestamp":1791176756053,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Geriat Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether more frequent engagement in larger social networks, and more emotional support protect against cognitive and functional decline with aging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the influence of social networks on cognition and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) over a median interval of 10.9 years. Data were from the Baltimore follow\u2010up of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study, a community\u2010based sample of adults in eastern Baltimore. Eight hundred and seventy\u2010four participants completed cognitive testing at both the third and fourth study waves (1993\u20131996 and 2003\u20132004) on the Mini\u2010Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a delayed word recall task. Functional status at both waves was self\u2010reported on the Lawton\u2010Brody IADL scale. Social network characteristics, assessed at the third study wave, included network size, frequency of contact, and emotional support.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In cross\u2010sectional analyses at wave 3, larger networks were associated with higher MMSE and better delayed recall scores. This association persisted after adjustment for covariates. More emotional support was associated with better functional status, before and after adjustment. By contrast, social networks were not longitudinally associated with cognitive change, with two counter\u2010intuitive exceptions: <jats:italic>more<\/jats:italic> frequent contact and <jats:italic>more<\/jats:italic> emotional support were associated with worse delayed recall and IADL scores after adjustment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no evidence of a longitudinal association between social networks and cognition or IADLs, although a clear cross\u2010sectional association exists. Together, these findings suggest the emergence of social isolation in individuals declining in cognition and functioning, rather than a protective effect of social networks. Copyright \u00a9 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T10:46:18Z","timestamp":1209638778000},"page":"972-978","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Influence of social network characteristics on cognition and functional status with aging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ariel Frank","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Rebok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantine G.","family":"Lyketsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, rev","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-131-3-199908030-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2003.0049"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly: study design and methodology","volume":"5","author":"Cornoni\u2010Huntley J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aging (Milan, Italy)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830230023003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb06093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02113-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi049"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700021644"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/59.6.P278"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.03060120024016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6985.951"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.20.4.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022252"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fgps.2023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/gps.2023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T13:01:59Z","timestamp":1699966919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/gps.2023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/gps.2023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.2023","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-6230","1099-1166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-6230","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1166","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}}}