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The aim of this study was to determine whether systemic inflammatory interleukin\u20101\u00df (IL\u20101\u00df) and interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106) as well as hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), and body mass index (BMI) are predictors of AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a 10\u2010year follow\u2010up study on 133 elderly who were institutionalized in a nursing home. The associations of IL\u20101\u00df and IL\u20106 at both rest and agitation, as well as HT, DM, and BMI at baseline, were analyzed with the incidences of vascular dementia (VD) and AD during a 10\u2010year follow\u2010up period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Kaplan\u2013Meier method with log\u2010rank test and Cox regression analyses for the total of 133 subjects showed significantly higher incidences of both VD and AD in subjects with DM or HT at baseline. Resting IL\u20101\u00df or IL\u20106 value, or agitation score, was not significantly associated with the subsequent development of VD or AD. The analyses of 40 subjects who had shown agitation at least once in the previous 3\u2009months demonstrated that IL\u20101\u00df and IL\u20106 values at the agitation stage were significantly associated with AD, but not with VD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicate that systemic inflammatory IL\u20101\u00df and IL\u20106 at the agitation stage are risk factors for the development of AD, but not VD. Inflammatory mechanisms for AD seem to be causal and specific to the development of AD. 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