{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:14:46Z","timestamp":1791580486323,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,14]],"date-time":"2013-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Geriat Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Theory of Mind (ToM) is considered an essential element of social cognition. In younger schizophrenia patients, ToM impairments have extensively been demonstrated. It is not clear whether similar impairments can be found in older schizophrenia patients and if these impairments differ between older patients with early\u2010onset and late\u2010onset schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Theory of Mind abilities were assessed using the Hinting Task in 15 older patients (age 60\u2009years and older) with early\u2010onset paranoid schizophrenia, 15 older patients with late\u2010onset paranoid schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls. ANCOVA was performed to test differences between groups. Analyses were adjusted for level of education. Effect sizes, partial eta squared (<jats:italic>\u03b5<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), were computed as an indication of the clinical relevance of the findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with early\u2010onset schizophrenia scored significantly lower on the Hinting Task (mean 16.1; SD 4.3) compared with patients with late\u2010onset schizophrenia (mean 18.6; SD 1.5) and with healthy controls (mean 19.0; SD 1.4). The effect size of this difference was large (<jats:italic>\u03b5<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.2).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that ToM functioning may be a protective factor modulating the age at onset of psychosis. Further studies into the relationship between social cognition and onset age of psychosis are warranted. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,14]],"date-time":"2013-01-14T14:16:32Z","timestamp":1358172992000},"page":"1141-1146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Theory of Mind differences in older patients with early\u2010onset and late\u2010onset paranoid schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"M. M. J.","family":"Smeets\u2010Janssen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Old Age Psychiatry GGZ Centraal  Hilversum The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. D.","family":"Meesters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GGZ inGeest  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Medical Centre  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. C.","family":"Comijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GGZ inGeest  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Medical Centre  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Eikelenboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GGZ inGeest  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. H.","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GGZ inGeest  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Medical Centre  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Early Psychosis Section, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. T. F.","family":"Beekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GGZ inGeest  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Medical Centre  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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