{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:48:05Z","timestamp":1793710085102,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,26]],"date-time":"2017-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Geriat Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clock drawing test (CDT) has become one of the most widely used cognitive screening instruments in clinical and research settings. Its effectiveness, acceptability, and quick and easy administration have made it a staple for cognitive screening in dementia and a wide range of brain disorders. Despite a spike in popularity since the 1990s, its origins are relatively unknown. The goal of this review is to chronicle its saga and chart its usage over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PsycInfo, Medline, and PubMed literature searches were performed from earliest record to June 2016, in addition to manual cross\u2010referencing of bibliographies, with a focus before 1990. Summary of relevant articles and books up until 1989 is included, as well as clinical applications and surveys that track CDT usage over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>While MacDonald Critchley's well\u2010known textbook from 1953, <jats:italic>The Parietal Lobes<\/jats:italic>, is often cited as the first mention of the CDT, its recorded use actually stretches back more than a century to 1915. A review of the literature shows that the CDT began as a test for aphasia\u2010related disorders and constructional apraxia until its entry into contemporary cognitive screening in the 1980s when it primarily became a cognitive screen. Its usage took off in 1989 with over 2000 publications since.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite a fairly obscure existence for decades, the CDT has emerged as an effective and ideal cognitive screening instrument for a wide range of conditions. Its use continues to increase, and it has been incorporated into several widely used cognitive screening batteries. Copyright \u00a9 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,26]],"date-time":"2017-05-26T14:06:57Z","timestamp":1495807617000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["The test of time: a history of clock drawing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Elias","family":"Hazan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Frankenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Administration Medical Center Boston University School of Medicine  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Brenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6558-5770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Shulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"The Boston Process Approach to Neuropsychological Assessment: A Practitioner's Guide","author":"Ashendorf L","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1166(200011)15:11<1021::AID-GPS234>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1763","article-title":"Screening for cognitive impairment in the elderly","volume":"43","author":"Bush C","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"389","article-title":"To the editor","volume":"38","author":"Clarfield AM","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"ColbySL OrtmanJM(2014).The baby boom cohort in the United States: 2012 to 2060.Current Population Estimates."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1630.2009.00795.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"The Parietal Lobes","author":"Critchley M","year":"1953"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.27.6.595"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Clock Drawing: A Neuropsychological Analysis","author":"Freedman M","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE)","author":"Goodglass H","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"Aphasia and Kindred Disorders of Speech","author":"Head H","year":"1926"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-8343(98)00066-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2293"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5770\/cgj.16.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2.1.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2001.00894.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"Gehirnpathologie","author":"Kleist K","year":"1934"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/53B.6.P353"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"The Kaplan\u2013Baycrest Neurocognitive Assessment (KBNA): Test Manual","author":"Leach L","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2006.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"491","article-title":"Left occipito\u2010parietal brain tumour with observations on alexia and agraphia in Chinese and English","volume":"54","author":"Lyman RS","year":"1938","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2452-8_5","volume-title":"Clock Drawing Test. 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