{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T02:01:03Z","timestamp":1775872863250,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Exeter Clinical Research Facility"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Geriat Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Establishing affordable lifestyle interventions that might preserve cognitive function in the aging population and subsequent generations is a growing area of research focus. Data from the PROTECT study has been utilised to examine whether number\u2010puzzle use is related to cognitive function in older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from 19\u00a0078 healthy volunteers aged 50 to 93\u00a0years old enrolled on the online PROTECT study were evaluated for self\u2010reported frequency of performing number puzzles. Two cognitive\u2010test batteries were employed to assess core aspects of cognitive function including reasoning, focussed and sustained attention, information processing, executive function, working memory, and episodic memory. Analysis of covariance was used to establish the differences between the six frequency groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Highly statistically significant main effects of the frequency of performing number puzzles were seen on all 14 cognitive measures, with <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> values of less than 0.0004. Interestingly, participants who reported engaging in number puzzles more than once a day had superior cognitive performance on 10 core measures compared with all other frequency groups, although not all were statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study has identified a close relationship between frequency of number\u2010puzzle use and the quality of cognitive function in adults aged 50 to 93\u00a0years old. In order to determine the value of these findings as a potential intervention, further research should explore the type and difficulty of the number puzzles. These findings further contribute to the growing evidence that engaging in mentally stimulating activities could benefit the brain function of the ageing population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T07:23:06Z","timestamp":1549956186000},"page":"932-940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The relationship between the frequency of number\u2010puzzle use and baseline cognitive function in a large online sample of adults aged 50 and over"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7908-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Brooker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4498-8511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith A.","family":"Wesnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"},{"name":"Wesnes Cognition Ltd  UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clive","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Hampshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dag","family":"Aarsland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zunera","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Age\u2010Related Diseases King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Stenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manta Software Ltd  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Megalogeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2015-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Alzheimer's Disease International.World alzheimer report: the global economic impact of dementia.2010. 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