{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T21:46:25Z","timestamp":1791755185637,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001590","name":"Health Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008303","name":"Department for Employment and Learning, Northern Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008303","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Geriat Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long\u2010term use of anticholinergics, benzodiazepines and related drugs (or \u201cZ\u2010drugs\u201d) have been associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. However, the relationship of these medications with cognitive function and domain\u2010specific neuropsychological performance in older adults without dementia, is unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>5135 older adults (74.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.3 years; 67.4% female) without a diagnosis of dementia were recruited in Ireland to the Trinity\u2010Ulster\u2010Department of Agriculture (TUDA) study. Detailed cognitive and neuropsychological assessment was conducted using the Mini\u2010Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 44% (2259 of 5153) used either a potential or definite anticholinergic medication. Overall, 9.7% (<jats:italic>n\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>500) used a definite anticholinergic medication. Regular benzodiazepine use was reported by 7% (<jats:italic>n\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>363), whilst 7.5% (<jats:italic>n\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>387) used a \u201cZ\u2010drug\u201d. Use of definite, but not potential anticholinergic medication was associated with poorer performance on all three assessments (\u03b2: \u22120.09; 95% CI: \u22120.14, \u22120.03, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002 for MMSE; \u03b2: \u22120.04; 95% CI: \u22120.06, \u22120.02; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 for FAB; \u03b2: \u22124.15; 95% CI: \u22125.64, \u22122.66; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 for RBANS) in addition to all domains of the RBANS. Regular benzodiazepine use was also associated with poorer neuropsychological test performance, especially in Immediate Memory (\u03b2: \u22124.98; 95% CI: \u22126.81, \u22123.15; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and Attention (\u03b2: \u22126.81; 95% CI: \u22128.60, \u22125.03; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) RBANS domains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regular use of definite anticholinergic medications and benzodiazepines, but not potential anticholinergics or \u201cZ\u2010drugs\u201d, was associated with poorer overall and domain\u2010specific neuropsychological performance in older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T10:34:30Z","timestamp":1625567670000},"page":"1767-1777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Long\u2010term anticholinergic, benzodiazepine and Z\u2010drug use in community\u2010dwelling older adults: What is the impact on cognitive and neuropsychological performance?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1356-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam H.","family":"Dyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing St James's Hospital  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eamon","family":"Laird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leane","family":"Hoey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE) School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University  Coleraine NI UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine F.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE) School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University  Coleraine NI UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"McNulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE) School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University  Coleraine NI UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE) School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University  Coleraine NI UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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