{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:28:15Z","timestamp":1789637295763,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Geriat Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate whether vitamin D supplementation reduces depressive symptoms and incidence of antidepressant use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from the D\u2010Health Trial (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a021,315), a randomized double\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled trial of monthly vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> for the prevention of all\u2010cause mortality. Participants were Australians aged 60\u201384\u00a0years. Participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ\u20139) at 1, 2 and 5\u00a0years after randomization to measure depressive symptoms; national prescribing records were used to capture antidepressant use. We used mixed models and survival models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyses of PHQ\u20109 scores included 20,487 participants (mean age 69\u00b73\u00a0years, 46% women); the mean difference (MD) in PHQ\u20109 score (vitamin D vs. placebo) was 0\u00b702 (95% CI \u22120\u00b706, 0\u00b711). There was negligible difference in the prevalence of clinically relevant depression (PHQ\u20109 score \u226510) (odds ratio 0\u00b799; 95% CI 0\u00b790, 1\u00b708). We included 16,670 participants in the analyses of incident antidepressant use (mean age 69\u00b74\u00a0years, 43% women). Incidence of antidepressant use was similar between the groups (hazard ratio [HR] 1\u00b704; 95% CI 0\u00b796, 1\u00b712). In subgroup analyses, vitamin D improved PHQ\u20109 scores in those taking antidepressants at baseline (MD \u22120\u00b725; 95% CI \u22120\u00b749, \u22120\u00b701; p\u2010interaction\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b702). It decreased risk of antidepressant use in participants with predicted 25(OH)D concentration &lt;50\u00a0nmol\/L (HR 0\u00b788; 95% CI 0\u00b775, 1\u00b702; p\u2010interaction\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b701) and increased risk in those with predicted 25(OH)<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2265\u00a050\u00a0nmol\/L (HR 1\u00b710; 95% CI 1\u00b701, 1\u00b720).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Monthly supplementation with high\u2010dose vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was not of benefit for measures of depression overall, but there was some evidence of benefit in subgroup analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>The trial is registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12613000743763. <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.anzctr.org.au\/\">https:\/\/www.anzctr.org.au\/<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T10:46:20Z","timestamp":1669027580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effect of vitamin D supplementation on depression in older Australian adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3663-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabbir T.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Waterhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briony Duarte","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dallas R.","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division Cancer Council Victoria  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8689-6199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osvaldo P.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School University of Western Australia  Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"WA Centre for Health and Ageing of the University of Western Australia  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Berk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin University Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) Barwon Health  Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Ebeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Clinical Sciences Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce K.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald S. 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