{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T16:29:31Z","timestamp":1774283371075,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Geriat Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The trail making test part B (TMT\u2010B) evaluates executive functions, memory, and sensorimotor functions. No previous study was found to examine the longitudinal effect of <jats:italic>APOE\u2010\u03b54<\/jats:italic> genotypes on the TMT\u2010B scores in Alzheimer's disease (AD) across racial groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used the data from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI): 382 participants with AD, 503 with cognitive normal (CN), 1293 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at baseline and follow\u2010up of four years. The multivariable linear mixed model was used to investigate the effect of <jats:italic>APOE\u2010\u03b54<\/jats:italic> genotypes on changes in TMT\u2010B scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with Whites, African Americans (AA) and Hispanics had higher TMT\u2010B scores (poor cognitive function). Furthermore, Whites subjects with 1 or 2 <jats:italic>APOE\u2010\u03b54<\/jats:italic> alleles had significantly higher TMT\u2010B scores compared with individuals without <jats:italic>APOE\u2010\u03b54<\/jats:italic> allele at baseline and four follow\u2010up visits; however, no differences in TMT\u2010B were found between <jats:italic>APOE\u2010\u03b54<\/jats:italic> alleles in the Hispanic and AA groups. No <jats:italic>APOE\u2010\u03b54<\/jats:italic> by visit interactions was found for 3 racial groups. Stratified by AD diagnosis, the <jats:italic>APOE\u2010\u03b54<\/jats:italic> allele was associated with TMT\u2010B scores only in the MCI group, while there were significant interactions for visit by education, <jats:italic>APOE\u2010\u03b54<\/jats:italic> allele, and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score in the MCI group. In addition, TMT\u2010B was significantly correlated with the MMSE, AD Assessment Scale\u2010cognitive subscale 13 (ADAS13), tTau, pTau, A\u03b242, and hippocampus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>APOE\u2010\u025b4<\/jats:italic> allele is associated with TMT\u2010B scores in Whites subjects, but not in the Hispanic and AA groups. <jats:italic>APOE\u2010\u03b54<\/jats:italic> showed interaction with visit in the MCI group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.6037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T20:09:24Z","timestamp":1702670964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Racial differences in the effect of <i>APOE\u2010\u03b54<\/i> genotypes on trail making test B in Alzheimer's disease: A longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Chun","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences College of Health Professions University of Texas Rio Grande Valley  Brownsville Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscila","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences College of Health Professions University of Texas Rio Grande Valley  Brownsville Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongke","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Joan C. 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