{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T09:40:53Z","timestamp":1781689253084,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Geriat Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the trajectories of cognitive impairment and transport restriction over time and the interrelation between these trajectories among older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Group\u2010based trajectory modeling was used on the longitudinal National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) over 11\u00a0years from 2011 to 2021, among 5753 participants, stratified by age in 2011 to three groups of 65\u201374\u00a0years, 75\u201384\u00a0years, and 85\u00a0years and above.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For transport restrictions, these trajectory groups were: (1) a majority with no restrictions, (2) low and increasing or stable, and (3) moderate or high and decreasing. The overall pattern was largely consistent across the three age groups, with the older group showing a higher predicted likelihood of transport restrictions compared to the younger group. For each of the three age groups, there were two cognitive impairment trajectories including (1) low and (2) increasing cognitive impairment. The proportions of increasing cognitive impairment were 12.3% among the 65\u201374\u00a0years old, 27.3% among the 75\u201384\u00a0years old, and 40.4% among the 85\u00a0years and above old. Compared with those with no transport restriction, the other two trajectories with either low or moderate transport restrictions were more likely to belong to increasing cognitive impairment. The odds ratio was 3.06 (95% CI 2.0\u20134.68) for low &amp; increasing transport restrictions versus 1.57 (95% CI 0.96\u20132.56) for moderate &amp; decreasing transport restrictions among 65\u201374\u00a0years old. The odds ratio was 2.38 (95% CI 1.68\u20133.38) for low &amp; increasing transport restrictions versus 1.88 (95% CI 1.39\u20132.55) for moderate &amp; decreasing transport restrictions among 75\u201384\u00a0years old.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive impairment was more likely to co\u2010occur with those with low and increasing transport restrictions than with those with moderate and decreasing transport restrictions. Addressing transport restriction among older adults holds the potential to ameliorate cognitive outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.70032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T01:29:41Z","timestamp":1733794181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Dual Group\u2010Based 11\u2010Year Trajectory Analysis of Cognitive Impairment and Transport Restriction for Community\u2010Dwelling Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0009-0010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of Memphis  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of Memphis  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Research Hub of Population Studies University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences Penn State Cancer Institute  Hershey Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.082867"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(20)30367\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"360","volume-title":"Reducing the Impact of Dementia in America: A Decadal Survey of the Behavioral and Social Sciences","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201016771\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.92.8.1284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0967\u2010070x(00)00004\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2011.300631"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900\u2010013\u20109681\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech\u20102019\u2010213317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.3.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464818806834"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics1010006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"National Institute on Aging \u201cDriving Safety and Alzheimer's Disease \u201d (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jad\u2010180439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.899814"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000200583"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474\u20104422(04)00767\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201017879\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2011.0252"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2020.100992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","volume-title":"National Health and Aging Trends Study User Guide: Rounds 1\u201311 Final Release","author":"Freedman V. A.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15441\/ceem.17.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbx144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606\u2010018\u20104377\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"J. D.Kasper V. A.Freedman andB. C.Spillman \u201cClassification of Persons by Dementia Status in the National Health and Aging Trends Study \u201d (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000247042.15547.eb"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082\u2010989x.4.2.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000360229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216673085"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204261004000104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20160044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","first-page":"1057","article-title":"The Impact of Stress on Body Function: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Yaribeygi H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"EXCLI Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.3550"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638289709166525"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532\u20105415.2002.50609.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617715000818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000010022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/wad.0b013e318211c83c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035\u2010015\u20109211\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaa039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxs009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay9040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2022.08.014"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/gps.70032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T15:18:55Z","timestamp":1736781535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/gps.70032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/gps.70032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.70032","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-6230","1099-1166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-6230","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1166","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70032"}}