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We examined these changes and their relationships with dementia and cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data from over 12,000 community\u2010dwelling Australians aged 70+ years without significant cognitive impairment at enrolment were analysed. Loneliness, social isolation, and social support were self\u2010reported at baseline and \u223c2\u00a0years later (social isolation and social support) or \u223c3\u00a0years later (loneliness), classified as never, transient, incident, or persistent. Dementia diagnosis followed\n                      <jats:italic>DSM\u2010IV<\/jats:italic>\n                      criteria, adjudicated by an expert panel. Gender\u2010disaggregated Cox proportional hazards regressions were conducted, adjusting for age and other dementia risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, participants were aged 70\u201395\u00a0years (mean: 75.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.3), with 54% being women. Overall, 81.1% of men and 71.7% of women reported never feeling lonely at baseline, while transient, incident, and persistent loneliness were experienced by 4.9%, 8.4%, and 5.5% of men and 8.5%, 11.6%, and 8.3% of women, respectively. Over a median 8\u2010year follow\u2010up, incident loneliness in men (HR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.08\u20132.13) and persistent loneliness in women (HR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.55\u20132.97) were associated with a greater dementia risk, compared to those who were never lonely. No increased risk was observed for transient loneliness. Despite the remarkably low prevalence of social isolation and poor social support in this initially healthy cohort, both were associated with cognitive decline (secondary outcome) but not with dementia risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent loneliness in people aged 70+, especially in women, was associated with a higher risk of dementia and cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.70065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T01:37:19Z","timestamp":1741743439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Changes in Loneliness, Social Isolation, and Social Support: A Gender\u2010Disaggregated Analysis of Their Associations With Dementia and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2307-0610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Htet Lin","family":"Htun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7572-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achamyeleh Birhanu","family":"Teshale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Institute of Public Health College of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Gondar  Gondar Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6570-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoxiong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7039-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4807-6069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice J.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1249-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn L.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne 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