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Reports were included if they evaluated outcomes of nutraceutical supplementation in patients with psychiatric disorders or related conditions. Additionally, we performed a risk\u2010of\u2010bias analysis of the studies compatible with the RoB2 tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 2061 records identified, 122 studies met the inclusion criteria, evaluating vitamin D3, N\u2010acetylcysteine, acetyl\u2010L\u2010carnitine, coenzyme Q10, alpha\u2010lipoic acid, magnesium, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin B3. The most studied nutraceuticals were vitamin D3 (27.05%) and N\u2010acetylcysteine (15.6%). Among randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs), vitamin D3 was the most extensively investigated and accounted for the highest number of trials reporting improvements in clinical outcomes, although findings were heterogeneous. Notably, 14.8% of the studies evaluated combinations of three or more nutraceuticals. Dietary supplements were extensively evaluated for autism spectrum disorder (28 studies), schizophrenia spectrum disorder (27 studies), major depressive disorder or related depressive symptoms (22 studies), attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder (9 studies) and bipolar spectrum disorder (6 studies). A substantial proportion of studies were not RCTs but open\u2010label single\u2010arm trials or case reports. Significant heterogeneity was observed in the nutraceutical components used, treatment duration and the outcomes assessed. Overall, the risk of bias was high, and the methodological quality was generally low.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Promising findings in nutraceutical studies for psychiatric disorders face challenges, including small sample sizes, short follow\u2010up periods and a lack of treatment standardisation. Future research requires robust RCTs with standardised protocols and validated biomarkers of efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps3.70023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T09:03:09Z","timestamp":1780304589000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical outcomes of mitochondrial\u2010enhancing nutraceutical supplementation in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8658-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Tortajada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata (HUIPM)  Reus Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica Catalunya Sud (IRB CatSud)  Reus Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV)  Reus Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Centro 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