{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:21:07Z","timestamp":1786116067922,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005089","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7262165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7262165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82373694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82373694"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gen. Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression and obesity are major global health burdens, yet the co\u2010occurrence patterns and temporal trends of their comorbidity remain poorly characterised at the global level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To map the global patterns of co\u2010occurring depression and obesity, quantify temporal trends of depression, obesity and comorbidity, forecast the prevalence of comorbidity up to 2035 and compare social indicators across groups stratified by their combined temporal trends of depression and obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023, the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration and the World Bank Open Data repository. Countries and territories (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0199) were classified into four co\u2010occurrence patterns based on the current prevalence of depression and obesity. Average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) were calculated to quantify temporal trends and define four trend groups. We forecast the prevalence of depression\u2013obesity comorbidity across 199 countries and territories up to 2035 using an autoregressive integrated moving average model. The Kruskal\u2013Wallis\n                      <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                      test and Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      test were used to compare seven social indicators relevant to socioeconomic status and healthcare resources across these trend groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For the four co\u2010occurrence patterns, the consistently\u2010low\u2010prevalence group was primarily concentrated in Asia, the consistently\u2010high\u2010prevalence group in the Americas, the depression\u2010dominant group in Africa and the obesity\u2010dominant group in the Americas and Oceania. Concerning temporal trends, the prevalence of depression\u2013obesity comorbidity increased globally (median AAPC: 4.66%; interquartile range [IQR]: 3.49%\u20136.30%). Notably, countries and territories in East Asia, Southeast Asia and sub\u2010Saharan Africa had higher comorbidity AAPCs despite their low current prevalence. Temporal trends were categorised into four patterns: 44 (22.11%) countries and territories were classified into the double\u2010fast\u2010growing group (Southeast Asia, sub\u2010Saharan Africa), 56 (28.14%) into the depression\u2010driven\u2010growing group (West Asia, North Africa, North America, Oceania), 56 (28.14%) into the obesity\u2010driven\u2010growing group (East Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean) and the remaining 43 (21.61%) into the double\u2010slow\u2010growing group (Europe, Australia and New Zealand). Predictive analysis indicated the median prevalence of depression\u2013obesity comorbidity may increase to 833.32 (IQR: 532.07\u20131367.42) per 100 000 in 2030 and 869.35 (IQR: 544.11\u20131403.71) per 100 000 in 2035. Compared with the double\u2010slow\u2010growing group, the obesity\u2010driven and double\u2010fast\u2010growing groups showed poorer socioeconomic status and healthcare resources; the depression\u2010driven\u2010growing group showed poorer healthcare resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of depression\u2013obesity comorbidity increased globally. Particular attention is warranted for countries and territories with currently low comorbidity prevalence but rapidly increasing trends. Our findings also highlight the need for accessible interventions for countries and territories with poorer socioeconomic status and healthcare resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps3.70034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T07:54:09Z","timestamp":1781250849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Depression meets obesity: Co\u2010occurrence patterns, temporal trends and socioeconomic correlates across 199 countries and territories"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8429-9573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health School of Public Health Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8764-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingqi","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health School of Public Health Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6640-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health School of Public Health Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3926-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health School of Public Health Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1032-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health School of Public Health Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2968-555X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runze","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health School of Public Health Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-4752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dexing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0405-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health School of Public Health Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","volume-title":"Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Obesity and overweight;2024. Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/obesity\u2010and\u2010overweight"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157240"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112637"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010clinpsy\u2010100219\u2010060201"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679\u2010024\u201000603\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2015.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291719000308"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1103953"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.953203"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1404407"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000410"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2023.104563"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000001257"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12935"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000454837"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291715000653"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010020\u20100803\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377\u20100427(87)90125\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(17)32129\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(24)00757\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010publhealth\u2010040218\u2010043816"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh\u20102023\u2010012955"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468\u20100009.12162"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1411229"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac083"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1387550"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617700496"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2025.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/maq.12687"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803122"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105319897778"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2023.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(16)30388\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR)","author":"Segal DL","year":"1987","journal-title":"Corsini Encycl Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","volume-title":"The ICD\u201010 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201005772\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60060"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(20)30977\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(12)61729\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102021\u2010054441"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665120000166"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2025.101231"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2024.104289"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010018\u20100017\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych\u20102023\u2010101412"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2023.100653"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20102667(25)00098\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(25)00397\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1069162"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj\u20102022\u2010071609"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010024\u201005889\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych\u20102023\u2010101446"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102041"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czx014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679\u2010019\u20100328\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12433"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101872\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101494"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215\u20100366(24)00317\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(25)00355\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17159"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(23)02750\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13494"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2023.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.1231"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1469466"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010024\u201005666\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u2010789X.2012.01017.x"}],"container-title":["General Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/gps3.70034","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/gps3.70034","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/gps3.70034","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T07:29:09Z","timestamp":1786001349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/gps3.70034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/gps3.70034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps3.70034","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-5923","2517-729X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-5923","type":"print"},{"value":"2517-729X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70034"}}