{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:02:05Z","timestamp":1789614125079,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC31671164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC31671164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gen. Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive reappraisal is an emotion\u2010regulation strategy that involves altering the emotional impact of a situation by changing its appraisal. However, individuals with depressive symptoms often struggle to deploy momentary cognitive reappraisal during emotional encounters due to impaired cognitive control. Pre\u2010planned reappraisal formed through implementation intentions, that is, a strategy rehearsed in advance to activate automatically upon emotional triggers, may offer a more efficient alternative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined whether pre\u2010planned cognitive reappraisal via implementation intentions more effectively reduces negative emotional experience in youth with depressive symptoms than momentary reappraisal, and whether these effects persist after short\u2010term re\u2010exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This randomised, single\u2010blind and three\u2010arm experiment was conducted from 10 December 2021 to 19 December 2021 at Southwest University in China. Following screening with the Beck Depression Inventory\u2010II (BDI\u2010II), 64 undergraduate students with depressive symptoms (score\u00a0\u2265\u00a020) and 64 without depressive symptoms (score\u00a0\u2264\u00a010) were enrolled. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three experimental conditions: passive watching of emotional stimuli, momentary reappraisal (reinterpreting the meaning of a sad face upon presentation) or pre\u2010planned reappraisal (applying a pre\u2010trained reappraisal framework before stimulus presentation). The formal experiment included an emotion elicitation and regulation task, a 20\u2010min interval during which participants completed questionnaires and a re\u2010exposure phase in which all groups passively viewed novel sad faces. Subjective emotional experiences were measured using the nine\u2010point self\u2010assessment manikin (SAM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre\u2010planned reappraisal produced significantly less negative valence and lower arousal ratings for sad faces than passive watching in both participants with and without depressive symptoms. Momentary reappraisal only reduced negative emotional ratings in participants without depressive symptoms, but not those with depressive symptoms. During re\u2010exposure, only prior pre\u2010planned reappraisal yielded sustained reductions in negative emotional ratings. Participants with depressive symptoms also reported greater perceived benefit from pre\u2010planned than from momentary reappraisal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with momentary reappraisal, pre\u2010planned cognitive reappraisal via implementation intentions produced stronger and more short\u2010term sustained effects among youth with depressive symptoms, supporting its potential use in low\u2010cost self\u2010regulation interventions and clinical cognitive therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps3.70051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:13:22Z","timestamp":1789611202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pre\u2010planned reappraisal via implementation intention down\u2010regulates emotional experiences of youth with self\u2010reported depressive symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Shengdong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Education Science Neijiang Normal University  Neijiang Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mianyang Talent School  Mianyang Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiemin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329170600910x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021\u2010843x.117.1.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.04.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsx096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2006.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201000073\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00201"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.00089"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"280","article-title":"Implementation intentions: control of fear despite cognitive load","volume":"19","author":"Gallo IS","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1360\/N972017\u201001253"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073910380975"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych\u20102025\u2010102096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/cabn.6.4.291"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672992511010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.79.3.410"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.73.1.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065\u20102601(06)38002\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2012.30.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10463283.2012.718134"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2703_8","article-title":"Controlled & automatic processing: behavior, theory, and biological mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Schneider W","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","volume-title":"Beck depression inventory: manual","author":"Beck A","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2019.00637"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.07.034"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Revision of Chinese facial affective picture System","volume":"25","author":"Gong X","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin Ment Health J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005\u20107916(94)90063\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"STAI manual for the state\u2010trait anxiety inventory","volume":"4","author":"Spielberger CD","year":"1970","journal-title":"Self\u2010evaluation questionnaire"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.85.2.348"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021\u2010843x.97.3.346"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073919862617"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu124"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017745"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych\u20102025\u2010102067"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.089"}],"container-title":["General Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/gps3.70051","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/gps3.70051","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/gps3.70051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:13:24Z","timestamp":1789611204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/gps3.70051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/gps3.70051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps3.70051","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-5923","2517-729X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-5923","type":"print"},{"value":"2517-729X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70051"}}