{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T09:38:41Z","timestamp":1793180321488,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFF0507604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFF0507604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gen. Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A persistent challenge in substance use disorder (SUD) research is that no single animal model can fully recapitulate the multidimensional clinical features of the human disorder. Although nonhuman primates (NHPs) may provide greater translational relevance for modelling complex cognitive and behavioural features, there is currently no consensus on the core criteria for defining and evaluating NHP models of SUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Delphi approach used in this study aims to investigate expert perspectives in the field of SUD and to establish consensus on developing an NHP model that encompasses the core clinical features of SUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a Delphi approach to survey a pool of international experts in the field and reach a broad consensus through iterative consultation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty experts were invited to participate in the survey; 25 agreed to participate, and 21 completed the first round and were included in the study. The first round discussed 12 potential diagnostic criteria items, and the second round discussed 8 items. The results showed that three items were deemed \u2018very important\u2019 or \u2018extremely important\u2019 and consistency remained stable after two survey rounds: (1) the subject spent more time or effort trying to procure the drug than the expected normative value; (2) the subject had high motivation (craving) to use the drug; and (3) relapse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study used the Delphi method to develop a subset of criteria for the NHP SUD model. This offers guidance for present and future researchers utilising NHP models to investigate the mechanisms of SUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/gps3.70065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T06:32:07Z","timestamp":1791786727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expert appraisal of criteria for nonhuman primate substance use disorder models: An international Delphi study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongwei","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences Hainan Medical University  Haikou Hainan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxin","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengjie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The International Addiction Expert Panel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi\u2010Qi","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain\u2010Inspired Technology Lingang Laboratory  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4551-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360\u20100443.1990.tb01620.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"International classification of diseases, eleventh revision (ICD\u201011)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2652"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14764"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00405254"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y70\u2010088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010005\u20102182\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010009\u20101720\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583\u2010020\u20100378\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn798"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2017.19.3\/rspanagel"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010023\u201001590\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a040287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244907"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych\u20102022\u2010100902"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583\u2010020\u20100289\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2023.2165870"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105440"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3206\u201009.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300386"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010024\u201006633\u20106"}],"container-title":["General Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/gps3.70065","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/gps3.70065","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/gps3.70065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T09:18:26Z","timestamp":1793179106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/gps3.70065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/gps3.70065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps3.70065","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-5923","2517-729X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-5923","type":"print"},{"value":"2517-729X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70065"}}