{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T05:05:46Z","timestamp":1776920746329,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Covid\u201019 has infected thousands and killed hundreds in prisons, jails, and immigration detention facilities across the United States. Responding to this crisis, leading medical researchers have called for expanding opportunities for people in prison to participate in vaccine trials. These calls, like current regulations, focus on individualized risk assessments around consent, coercion, and harm, while ignoring the unnaturalness of deprivation conditions in U.S. prisons. We need new frameworks of analysis that refocus on structural, rather than individual, risk assessments. Integrating structural perspectives\u2014including skepticism of claims of scarcity, avoidance of representational distortions, and attention to institutional agency\u2014into our existing, overly individualistic frameworks might permit the design of more ethical research projects involving people who are incarcerated. Still, the unnatural deprivations of incarceration might be so great that research subjects might need to be removed from prison entirely in order to ethically participate in research<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.1235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T09:00:13Z","timestamp":1617094813000},"page":"10-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Does a Public Health Crisis Justify More Research with Incarcerated People?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Keramet","family":"Reiter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.15589"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12528"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00652"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8598"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"SeeWang Zenilman andBrinkley\u2010Rubenstein \u201cEthical Considerations.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"45 C.F.R. 46.306(a)(iii). Indeed a 2018 revision to this exact section suggests that hepatitis vaccine trials in prison might be permissible since hepatitis particularly affects prisoners."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2025955"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"SeeWang Zenilman andBrinkley\u2010Rubenstein \u201cEthical Considerations.\u201d"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"501","article-title":"Experimentation on Prisoners: Persistent Dilemmas in Rights and Regulations","volume":"97","author":"Reiter K.","year":"2009","journal-title":"California Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"W.SawyerandP.Wagner Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020 Prison Policy Initiative press release March 24 2020 https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/pie2020.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58948\/2331-3528.1764"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"For an updated tracker of state\u2010by\u2010state and federal prison visitation policies see \u201cHow Prisons in Each State Are Restricting Visits Due to Coronavirus \u201d The Marshall Project accessed March 9 2021 https:\/\/www.themarshallproject.org\/2020\/03\/17\/tracking-prisons-response-to-coronavirus."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"For a regularly updated count of infections and deaths in state and federal prisons see \u201cA State\u2010by\u2010State Look at Coronavirus in Prisons \u201d The Marshall Project https:\/\/www.themarshallproject.org\/2020\/05\/01\/a-state-by-state-look-at-coronavirus-in-prisons. For an analysis of how even the limited data Immigration and Customs Enforcement has released about infections and deaths in immigration detention is incomplete and flawed seeD.Glaun \u201cHow ICE Data Undercounts COVID\u201019 Victims \u201dFrontline PBS August 11 2020 https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/frontline\/article\/how-ice-data-undercounts-covid-19-victims\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"SeeWang Zenilman andBrinkley\u2010Rubenstein \u201cEthical Considerations \u201d and Strassle et al. \u201cCovid\u201019 Vaccine Trials and Incarcerated People.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azaa057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3561798"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"See for example W. A. I.Fredericket al. \u201cWe Need to Recruit More Black Americans in Vaccine Trials \u201dNew York Times September 11 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"Wang Zenilman andBrinkley\u2010Rubenstein \u201cEthical Considerations.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305245"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"For a thorough explanation of this critique seeKoehlerandSmith \u201cExperimental Criminology.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"R. C.Rabin \u201cPrisons Are Covid\u201019 Hotbeds. When Should Inmates Get the Vaccine? \u201dNew York Times November 30 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"Thanks to Tobias Smith for clearly delineating these previously muddied distinctions in reviewing this piece."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800413515831"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Exploitation of Prisoners in Clinical Research: Perceptions of Study Participants","volume":"38","author":"Christopher P. P.","year":"2016","journal-title":"IRB: Ethics & Human Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 10."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 10; Reiter \u201cCoercion and Access to Health Care.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"Wang Zenilman andBrinkley\u2010Rubenstein \u201cEthical Considerations.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0891"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24751979.2020.1777578"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","unstructured":"See for example R.Aviv \u201cPunishment by Pandemic \u201dNew Yorker June 15 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"S52","article-title":"Psychological Distress in Solitary Confinement: Symptoms, Severity, and Prevalence, United States, 2017-18","volume":"110","author":"Reiter K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","volume-title":"Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison","author":"Hornblum A. M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.4570"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","unstructured":"For a thorough discussion of how provision of incentives and benefits to subjects experiencing deprivations distorts research incentives especially in the context of Covid\u201019 research seeC.Elliott \u201cAn Ethical Path to a COVID Vaccine \u201dNew York Review of Books July 2 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","unstructured":"Wang Zenilman andBrinkley\u2010Rubenstein \u201cEthical Considerations.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","unstructured":"Ibid.;T.Fuller \u201cCoronavirus Limits. California's Efforts to Fight Fires with Prison Labor \u201dNew York Times August 22 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30058-X"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_7_38_1.1","unstructured":"A.Maxmen \"California's San Quentin Prison Declined Free Coronavirus Tests and Urgent Advice-Now It Has a Massive Outbreak \"Nature July 7 2020 https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-020-02042-9"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_7_38_1.2","unstructured":"Brief on Behalf of Amici Curiae San Quentin Consolidated Writ Proceeding August 13 2020 https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/472497973\/AmiciCuriaeBriefMarinConsolidatedFinalwPOS-2#from_embed."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22109"}],"container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhast.1235","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.1235","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hast.1235","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.1235","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T05:50:29Z","timestamp":1693115429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hast.1235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hast.1235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.1235","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-0334","1552-146X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-0334","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-146X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}