{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:55:14Z","timestamp":1787507714686,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Due to a history of coerced sterilization, a federal Medicaid sterilization policy mandates that a specific consent form be signed by a patient at least thirty days prior to when the patient undergoes sterilization. However, in contemporary obstetrical practice, the Medicaid sterilization policy serves as a policy\u2010level barrier to autonomously desired care. We review the clinical and ethical implications of the current Medicaid sterilization policy. After discussing the utility and impact of waiting periods for other surgical procedures, we explore the psychology of time required for decision\u2010making and consider scientific understanding of regret. We argue that the current Medicaid sterilization waiting period is clinically and ethically unjustifiable and that the policy ought to be revised in light of the goals, preferences, and concerns of the people most affected by it. While the need for continued protection against coercion remains, the current mandated waiting period does little to enforce the high\u2010quality shared decision\u2010making that is desired for sterilization counseling<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.1405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T03:49:37Z","timestamp":1661140177000},"page":"17-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Ethics of a Mandatory Waiting Period for Female Sterilization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Amalraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita Shah","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3096909"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom","author":"Kline W.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000263915.70071.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"Sterilization of Persons in Federally Assisted Family Planning Projects 42 C.F.R. 50(b)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1313325"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3561518"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003552"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.02.032"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Sterilization in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Bartz D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003111"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Medicaid and Pregnant Women: Who Is Being Enrolled and When","volume":"17","author":"Ellwood M. R.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Health Care Financing Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002633"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"550","article-title":"Desired Sterilization Procedure at the Time of Cesarean Delivery According to Insurance Status\u201d; K. White and J. E. Potter, \u201cReconsidering Racial\/Ethnic Differences in Sterilization in the United States","volume":"89","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09540-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"KathawaandArora \u201cImplicit Bias in Counseling for Permanent Contraception.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"Stern \u201cSterilized in the Name of Public Health.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"C.Gardner \u201cWhite County Judge Rescinds Order Coercing Sterilization and Birth Control \u201d American Civil Liberties Union of Tennessee (ACLU Tennessee) July 27 2017 https:\/\/www.aclu-tn.org\/white-county-judge-rescinds-order-coercing-sterilization-and-birth-control\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000121"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Block-Abraham \u201cMedicaid Consent to Sterilization Forms.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0887-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2018.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists \u201cACOG Practice Bulletin No. 208.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","unstructured":"EllwoodandKenney \u201cMedicaid and Pregnant Women.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists \u201cACOG Committee Opinion No. 736.\u201d"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","first-page":"e109","article-title":"Medicaid Consent to Sterilization Forms: Historical, Practical, Ethical, and Advocacy Considerations\u201d; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, \u201cCommittee Opinion No. 695: Sterilization of Women: Ethical Issues and Considerations","volume":"129","author":"Block-Abraham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2013.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","article-title":"Using Deliberative and Qualitative Methods to Recommend Revisions to the Medicaid Sterilization Waiting Period","author":"Batra P.","journal-title":"Women's Health Issues"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","volume-title":"The Impact of State Mandatory Counseling and Waiting Period Laws on Abortion: A Literature Review","author":"Joyce T. J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2017.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2135944"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"Joyce \u201cThe Impact of State Mandatory Counseling and Waiting Period Laws on Abortion.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2325-8012.2007.tb00789.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2021.102533"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","volume-title":"Waiting Lists and Waiting Times for Health Care in Canada: More Management!! More Money??","author":"McDonald P.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Waiting for Surgery from the Patient Perspective","volume":"2","author":"Carr T.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychology Research and Behavior Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","unstructured":"Carr \u201cWaiting for Surgery from the Patient Perspective\u201d; Dunn \u201cPatients\u2019 Acceptance of Waiting for Cataract Surgery.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","unstructured":"Block-Abraham \u201cMedicaid Consent to Sterilization Forms.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","unstructured":"Petchesky \u201cReproduction Ethics and Public Policy.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2017.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10659-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1884852"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2392337"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00003435"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-016-9347-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","unstructured":"Staw Sandelands and Dutton \u201cThreat Rigidity Effects in Organizational Behavior.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/352715"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200211000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","unstructured":"Staw Sandelands and Dutton \u201cThreat Rigidity Effects in Organizational Behavior.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","volume-title":"The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making","author":"Keren G. B.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470752937.ch6","volume-title":"Blackwell Handbook of Judgment & Decision Making","author":"Payne J. W.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists \u201cACOG Practice Bulletin No. 208.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/CN109030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12431"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(02)01981-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)48746-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists \u201cACOG Committee Opinion. Number 371.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12909"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","unstructured":"Hahn \u201cA Prospective Study on the Effects of Medicaid Regulation and Other Barriers to Obtaining Postpartum Sterilization.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2018.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2007.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq289"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","volume-title":"Principles of Biomedical Ethics","author":"Beauchamp T. L.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","unstructured":"KathawaandArora \u201cImplicit Bias in Counseling for Permanent Contraception.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","unstructured":"Natavio \u201cThe Use of a Low-Literacy Version of the Medicaid Sterilization Consent Form.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","unstructured":"BeauchampandChildress Principles of Biomedical Ethics."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","unstructured":"Arora \u201cAssociation between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Fulfillment.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","unstructured":"Bouma-Johnston Ponsaran andArora \u201cPerceptions and Practice of State Medicaid Officials.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","unstructured":"Gilliam \u201cA Qualitative Study of Barriers to Postpartum Sterilization and Women's Attitudes toward Unfulfilled Sterilization Requests.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S257178"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/mh.29.2.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","unstructured":"Bhide \u201cVariation in Effectiveness of Planned Postpartum Contraception at Two Time Points from Prenatal to Postpartum Care.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","unstructured":"McCarthy \u201cPrinciplism or Narrative Ethics?\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"Perceptions and Practice of State Medicaid Officials\u201d; Arora, \u201cAssociation between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Fulfillment of Desired Postpartum Sterilization;\u201d K. S. Arora, \u201cObstetrician-Gynecologists\u2019 Practices in Postpartum Sterilization without a Valid Medicaid Consent Form","volume":"138","author":"Bouma-Johnston Ponsaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","unstructured":"\u201cMedicaid Postpartum Coverage Extension Tracker \u201d KFF (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation) accessed June 28 2022 https:\/\/www.kff.org\/medicaid\/issue-brief\/medicaid-postpartum-coverage-extension-tracker\/"}],"container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.1405","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hast.1405","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.1405","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T09:00:24Z","timestamp":1692781224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hast.1405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hast.1405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.1405","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-0334","1552-146X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-0334","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-146X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}