{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T15:38:13Z","timestamp":1781624293510,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":51,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>A growing body of literature has engaged with mass incarceration as a public health problem. This article reviews some of that literature, illustrating why and how bioethicists can and should engage with the problem of mass incarceration as a remediable cause of health inequities. \u201cMass incarceration\u201d refers to a phenomenon that emerged in the United States fifty years ago: imprisoning a vastly larger proportion of the population than peer countries do, with a greatly disproportionate number of incarcerated people being members of marginalized racial and ethnic groups. Bioethicists have long engaged with questions of health justice for incarcerated people, including consent issues for those participating in research and access to health care. This article provides an overview of the individual and public health impacts of mass incarceration. The article argues that mass incarceration is a bioethics issue that should be addressed in medical education, identifies opportunities for bioethicists to guide hospitals\u2019 interactions with law enforcement officials, and calls on bioethicists to be in conversation with medical and nursing students and health care professionals about these groups\u2019 advocacy efforts concerning structural racism, police violence, and mass incarceration<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.1541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T11:04:45Z","timestamp":1703243085000},"page":"25-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fifty Years of U.S. Mass Incarceration and What It Means for Bioethics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Sean A.","family":"Valles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research","author":"National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"\u201cWorld Prison Brief Data \u201d Institute for Crime and Justice Policy Research accessed April 19 2023 https:\/\/www.prisonstudies.org\/world-prison-brief-data."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2017.19.9.fred1-1709"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/ijfab.2017.08.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2016.1145283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2020.1861364"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"P.WagnerandW.Sawyer \u201cMass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023 \u201d press release Prison Policy Initiative March 14 2023 https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/pie2023.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. B.Wolf \u201cDying in Detention: Where Are the Bioethicists? \u201d inApplying Nonideal Theory to Bioethics: Living and Dying in a Nonideal World eds. E. Victor and L. K. Guidry-Grimes (Cham Switzerland: Springer 2021).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72503-7_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. J.Pitts \u201cA Nonideal Approach to Truthfulness in Carceral Medicine \u201d and N. A. McHugh and C. Cleveland \u201cIncarceration Health Harm and Institutional Epistemic Injustice \u201d inApplying Nonideal Theory to Bioethics: Living and Dying in a Nonideal World eds. E. Victor and L. K. Guidry-Grimes (Cham Switzerland: Springer 2021): 309-32 and 285-308 respectively.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72503-7_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Pitts \u201cA Nonideal Approach to Truthfulness in Carceral Medicine.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons","author":"Nellis A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"M. L.King Jr. \u201cThe Negro Is Your Brother \u201dAtlantic Monthly August 1963."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj7777"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"\u201cWorld Prison Brief Data \u201d Institute for Crime and Justice Policy Research."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","volume-title":"The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences","author":"National Research Council","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"National Research Council The Growth of Incarceration in the United States."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"P.WagnerandW.Bertram \u201c\u2018What Percent of the U.S. Is Incarcerated? (And Other Ways to Measure Mass Incarceration) \u201d Prison Policy Initiative January 16 2020 https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/2020\/01\/16\/percent-incarcerated\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"\u201cWorld Prison Brief Data \u201d Institute for Crime and Justice Policy Research."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"National Research Council The Growth of Incarceration in the United States."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"Ibid 335."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716213503786"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness","author":"Alexander M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","volume-title":"Locked In: The True Causes of Mass Incarceration\u2014and How to Achieve Real Reform","author":"Pfaff J.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","volume-title":"The First Civil Right: How Liberals Built Prison America","author":"Murakawa N.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","volume-title":"Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America","author":"Forman J.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","volume-title":"A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America","author":"Drucker E.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Waylaid by a Metaphor: A Deeply Problematic Account of Prison Growth","volume":"111","author":"Pfaff J. F.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Michigan Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","unstructured":"J.Pfaff Locked In."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","volume-title":"Mass Incarceration Threatens Health Equity in America","author":"Acker J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","unstructured":"Ackeret al. Mass Incarceration Threatens Health Equity in America."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2329496520974006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520938038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","unstructured":"E.Russell \u201cThe Prison Where New York Inmates Are Bottling Hand Sanitizer Now Has a Coronavirus Outbreak \u201d North Country Public Radio May 15 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","unstructured":"N.Pullano \u201cBronx Court Orders NY State to Vaccinate Prisoners \u201d Courthouse News Service March 29 2021 at hyyps:\/\/www.courthousenews.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","unstructured":"Wagner and Sawyer \u201cMass Incarceration.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","unstructured":"Ackeret al. Mass Incarceration Threatens Health Equity in America; National Research Council The Growth of Incarceration in the United States."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-criminol-030421-040247"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","unstructured":"National Research Council The Growth of Incarceration in the United States."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","unstructured":"J. M.EhrenfeldandP. A.Harris \u201cPolice Brutality Must Stop \u201d American Medical Association May 29 2020 https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/print\/pdf\/node\/52051."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060749"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31130-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870.2020.1781913"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","unstructured":"J.Gramlich \u201cMost Violent and Property Crimes in the U.S. Go Unsolved \u201d Pew Research Center March 1 2017 https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2017\/03\/01\/most-violent-and-property-crimes-in-the-u-s-go-unsolved\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/715100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","unstructured":"National Research Council The Growth of Incarceration in the United States."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","unstructured":"D.Stemen \u201cThe Prison Paradox: More Incarceration Will Not Make Us Safer \u201d Vera Institute of Justice July 2017 https:\/\/www.vera.org\/downloads\/publications\/for-the-record-prison-paradox_02.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","unstructured":"A.vanDam \u201cLess than 1% of Rapes Lead to Felony Convictions. At Least 89% of Victims Face Emotional and Physical Consequences \u201dWashington Post October 6 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5840\/socphiltoday201862656"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 736."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Sexual Punishments","volume":"15","author":"Ristroph A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Columbia Journal of Gender and Law"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1558\/eph.v23i1.27584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11256-021-00595-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 736."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","unstructured":"Ackeret al. Mass Incarceration Threatens Health Equity in America."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sop2.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.00280"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.12516"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","unstructured":"The Correctional Leaders Association and The Arthur Liman Center for Public Interest Law Time-in-Cell: A 2021 Snapshot of Restrictive Housing Based on a Nationwide Survey of U.S. Prison Systems(Yale Law School August 2022) https:\/\/law.yale.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/area\/center\/liman\/document\/time_in_cell_2021.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-021-00139-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitts \u201cExamining Carceral Medicine through Critical Phenomenology \u201d 14.","DOI":"10.3138\/ijfab.2017.08.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","unstructured":"Elumnet al. \u201cHealthcare-Induced Trauma in Correctional Facilities \u201d 1."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","unstructured":"R.Vallas Disabled behind Bars: The Mass Incarceration of People with Disabilities in America's Jails and Prisons(Washington DC Center for American Progress July 18 2016) https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/criminal-justice\/reports\/2016\/07\/18\/141447\/disabled-behind-bars\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctv10vm2vw"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/soy096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","volume-title":"Are Prisons Obsolete?","author":"Davis A. Y.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","unstructured":"R. W.Gilmore \u201cThe Worrying State of the Anti-prison Movement \u201dSocial Justice(blog) February 23 2015 http:\/\/www.socialjusticejournal.org\/the-worrying-state-of-the-anti-prison-movement\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2019.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15766\/mep_2374-8265.10888"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2017.19.1.pfor1-1701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","first-page":"2646","article-title":"Policing the Emergency Room","volume":"134","author":"Song J. S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harvard Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","unstructured":"Kuczewski Mejias-Beck andBlair \u201cGood Sanctuary Doctoring for Undocumented Patients.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","unstructured":"Song \u201cPolicing the Emergency Room.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","unstructured":"English \u201cMandatory Reporting of Human Trafficking.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","unstructured":"House of Delegates of the American Medical Association \u201cAMA Declaration of Professional Responsibility \u201d 2001 https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/delivering-care\/public-health\/ama-declaration-professional-responsibility."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000270"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","volume-title":"The End of Policing","author":"Vitale A. S.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2020.1851810"}],"container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.1541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T13:56:36Z","timestamp":1704290196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hast.1541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hast.1541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.1541","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-0334","1552-146X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-0334","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-146X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}