{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T21:48:21Z","timestamp":1768254501935,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":53,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>State prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) use proprietary, predictive software platforms that deploy algorithms to determine whether a patient is at risk for drug misuse, drug diversion, doctor shopping, or substance use disorder (SUD). Clinical overreliance on PDMP algorithm\u2010generated information and risk scores motivates clinicians to refuse to treat\u2014or to inappropriately treat\u2014vulnerable people based on actual, perceived, or past SUDs, chronic pain conditions, or other disabilities. This essay provides a framework for challenging PDMP algorithmic discrimination as disability discrimination under federal antidiscrimination laws, including a new proposed rule interpreting section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.1561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T09:22:56Z","timestamp":1708680176000},"page":"3-7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Challenging Disability Discrimination in the Clinical Use of PDMP Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Pendo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Dosing Discrimination: Regulating PDMP Risk Scores","volume":"47","author":"Oliva J. D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"California Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"\u201cPDMP Policies and Capabilities \u201d Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Training and Technical Assistance Center (reporting that fifty-one states and territories mandate that prescribers use the PDMP) accessed January 20 2024 https:\/\/www.pdmpassist.org\/Policies\/Maps\/PDMPPolicies."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"42 U.S.C. 1396w-3a."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109090"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Substance Use Disorder Discrimination and the CARES Act: Using Disability Law to Inform Part 2 Rulemaking","volume":"52","author":"Dineen K. K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arizona State Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","unstructured":"Piccoet al. \u201cHow Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs Influence Clinical Decision-Making.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306662"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch \u201cNot Allowed to Be Compassionate\u201d: Chronic Pain the Overdose Crisis and Unintended Harms in the US(Human Rights Watch 2018) https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/sites\/default\/files\/report_pdf\/hhr1218_web.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholson \u201cUndoing Harm in Chronic Pain and Opioid Prescribing \u201d S18; M. Szalavitz \u201cWe're Overlooking a Major Culprit in the Opioid Crisis \u201dScientific American May 28 2021.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306662"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","unstructured":"Oliva \u201cDosing Discrimination \u201d 92-97."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","unstructured":"Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Pub. L. No. 93-112 \u00a7 504 87 Stat. 355 394 (1973) (labeling the specific provision prohibiting discrimination in the Rehabilitation Act as \u00a7 504) (codified at 29 U.S.C. 794)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","unstructured":"42 U.S.C. 12131-12132; Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in State and Local Government Services 28 C.F.R. 35.101-.104 and .130 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"Americans with Disabilities Act ADA Title III Technical Assistance Manual Covering Public Accommodations and Commercial Facilities","author":"U.S. Department of Justice","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","unstructured":"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pub. L. No. 111-148 \u00a7 1557 124 Stat. 119 260 (2010) (codified at 42 U.S.C. 18116)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","unstructured":"Nondiscrimination in Health Programs and Activities 87 Fed. Reg 47824 \u00a7 92.210 (Aug. 4 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","unstructured":"Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights in Action \u201cBULLETIN: Civil Rights HIPAA and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) \u201d March 28 2020 https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/file\/1263421\/download."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration \u201cKey Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health \u201d 2022 https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt39443\/2021NSDUHFFRRev010323.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","unstructured":"42 U.S.C. 12102(1)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","unstructured":"42 U.S.C. 12102(4)(A)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division \u201cThe Americans with Disabilities Act and the Opioid Crisis: Combating Discrimination against People in Treatment or Recovery \u201d April 5 2022 accessed January 19 2024 https:\/\/archive.ada.gov\/opioid_guidance.pdf pp.1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jme.2022.7"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_2_22_1.1","unstructured":"General Prohibitions against Discrimination 28 C.F.R. 35.130(b)(2016)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_2_22_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Activities 28 C.F.R. 36.202(a) (1992).","DOI":"10.2307\/forhis\/36.4.202"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","unstructured":"42 U.S.C. 12182(a); General 28 C.F.R. 36.201(a)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","unstructured":"42 U.S.C. 12182(b)(2)(A)(i)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","unstructured":"Dineen and Pendo \u201cEngaging Disability Rights Law to Address the Distinct Harms \u201d45."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","unstructured":"Nondiscrimination in Health Programs and Activities 87 Fed. Reg 47824 \u00a7 92.210(2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Justice \u201cU.S. Attorney's Office Settles Disability Discrimination Case with New England Orthopedic Surgeons \u201d press release May 20 2021 https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/usao-ma\/pr\/us-attorneys-office-settles-disability-discrimination-case-new-england-orthopedic."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. C.McElfreshet al. \u201cA Call for Better Validation of Opioid Overdose Risk Algorithms \u201dJournal of the American Medical Informatics Association(2023): doi:10.1093\/jamia\/ocad110.","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad110"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"469 U.S. 287 292\u201393 (1985).","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-328X(85)87345-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","unstructured":"\u201cNondiscrimination in Health Programs and Activities \u201d 87 Fed. Reg 47824 \u00a7 92.210 (2022) (emphasis added)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2023.00553"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","unstructured":"McElfreshet al. \u201cA Call for Better Validation of Opioid Overdose Risk Algorithms.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","unstructured":"Oliva \u201cDosing Discrimination \u201d 107-15."}],"container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.1561","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T11:28:01Z","timestamp":1711106881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hast.1561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hast.1561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.1561","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-0334","1552-146X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-0334","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-146X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}