{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T02:10:04Z","timestamp":1746411004375,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,17]],"date-time":"2014-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>In many ways, we live in propitious times for gay and lesbian people. In 1996, the Supreme Court struck down Colorado law prohibiting any kind of protected status based on sexual orientation. In 2003, the Supreme Court held that states may not criminalize sexual conduct between consenting adults of the same sex in private, so long as no money changes hands. In 2010, the Congress repealed the \u201cDon't Ask, Don't Tell\u201d policy that excluded openly gay men and lesbians from military service. In 2013, the Supreme Court struck down key elements of the Defense of Marriage Act that prohibited any federal recognition of same\u2010sex marriage. Most states do not allow same\u2010sex marriage, but more and more states are joining the fold. Likewise, most U.S. states do not forbid discrimination based on sexual orientation, but the number that does is increasing. Arguably, no other social minority has made as much legal progress in so short a time<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Despite these advances, the story of gay and lesbian people and the law is not yet finished, and the meaning of homosexuality for bioethics is still being written too. Concerns about gay and lesbian people remain important to bioethics in key domains, especially in seeing to the conferral of optimal health care benefits and in sorting through the priorities and social effects of research. Progress in these domains still involves lifting certain burdens of medical and social misjudgments about same\u2010sex attraction<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T10:59:26Z","timestamp":1412679566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Are Gay and Lesbian People Fading into the History of Bioethics?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Timothy F.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romer v. Evans 517 U.S. 620 (1996).","DOI":"10.1145\/237814.238013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Lawrence v. Texas 539 U.S. 558 (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"United States v. Windsor 570 U.S. (2013) (Docket No. 12\u2010307)."},{"volume-title":"The Wolfenden Report: Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution","year":"1963","author":"Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1"},{"volume-title":"Homosexuality and American Psychiatry","year":"1987","author":"Bayer R.","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1"},{"volume-title":"Reparative Therapy of Male Homosexuality: A New Clinical Approach","year":"1997","author":"Nicolosi J.","key":"e_1_2_6_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"C.Boorse \u201cReplies to Recent Critics \u201d August 2012 accessed August 18 2014 athttp:\/\/www.philosophie.uni\u2010hamburg.de\/Schramme\/Konferenzen.html."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"On the Distinction between Disease and Illness","author":"Boorse C.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Philosophy and Public Affairs"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5914.1976.tb00359.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3561829"},{"volume-title":"Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry","year":"1990","author":"Ruse M.","key":"e_1_2_6_8_4"},{"volume-title":"The Foundations of Bioethics","year":"1986","author":"Engelhardt H. T.","key":"e_1_2_6_8_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_6","first-page":"309","volume-title":"Gay Ethics: Controversies in Outing, Civil Rights, and Sexual Science","author":"Ferguson M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"Boorse \u201cReplies to Recent Critics.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Humanity Enhanced: Genetic Choice and the Challenge for Liberal Democracy","author":"Blackford R.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Gay Science: The Ethics of Sexual Orientation Research","author":"Murphy T. F.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"American Psychological Association Council of Representatives \u201cSexual Orientation Parents & Children \u201d July 28 and 30 2005 athttps:\/\/www.apa.org\/about\/policy\/parenting.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2657413"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1515\/9780773572201","volume-title":"The Ethical Canary: Science, Society, and the Human Spirit","author":"Somerville M.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"J.Finnis \u201cOpposing \u2018Death with Dignity\u2019 and \u2018Same\u2010Sex Marriage:\u2019 Faith or Reason?\u201d (lecture) University of Notre Dame Australia June 6 2013 part 2 podcast atwww.nd.edu.au\/news\/media\u2010releases\/2013\/187. See also Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith \u201cInstruction Dignitae Personae on Certain Bioethical Questions \u201d Sept. 8 2008 Sect. 6 athttp:\/\/www.vatican.va\/roman_curia\/congregations\/cfaith\/documents\/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19870222_respect\u2010for\u2010human\u2010life_en.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-635"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2008.00687.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"The Catholic Medical Association denies that anyone is homosexual in a way that is rooted in nature. Catholic Medical Association Homosexuality and Hope 1999 http:\/\/www.cathmed.org\/issues_resources\/publications\/position_papers\/homosexuality_and_hope\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"For example seeAmerican Psychological Association \u201cInsufficient Evidence That Sexual Orientation Change Efforts Work Says APA\u201d (press release) August 5 2009 http:\/\/www.apa.org\/news\/press\/releases\/2009\/08\/therapeutic.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","article-title":"9th Circuit Puts Hold on Ban of Sexual\u2010Orientation Therapy","author":"Dolan M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Los Angeles Times"},{"journal-title":"Washington Times","article-title":"More States Likely to Ban Sexual Orientation Change Therapy","author":"Wetzstein C.","key":"e_1_2_6_18_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"Murphy Gay Science 113\u201314."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.44.2.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J236v05n03_09"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.33.3.249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"4","volume-title":"The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding","author":"Institute of Medicine, Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","unstructured":"American Medical Association Council on Judicial Affairs Code of Ethics \u201cPotential Patients \u201d opinion 10.05b http:\/\/www.ama\u2010assn.org\/\/ama\/pub\/physician\u2010resources\/medical\u2010ethics\/code\u2010medical\u2010ethics\/opinion1005. See also Canadian Medical Association \u201cCode of Ethics \u201d section 17 2004 (reaffirmed 2014) http:\/\/policybase.cma.ca\/dbtw\u2010wpd\/PolicyPDF\/PD04\u201006.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"Seehttps:\/\/www.ama\u2010assn.org\/ama\/pub\/about\u2010ama\/our\u2010people\/member\u2010groups\u2010sections\/glbt\u2010advisory\u2010committee\/ama\u2010policy\u2010regarding\u2010sexual\u2010orientation.page."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.07.977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","article-title":"The California Supreme Court Rules That Fertility Doctors Must Make Their Services Available to Lesbians, Despite Religious Objections","author":"Grossman J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"FindLaw"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","article-title":"Obama Widens Medical Rights for Gay Partners","author":"Stolberg S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","unstructured":"Health Care Consent Act of Ontario part 1 consent 20 (1) (7) (8) athttp:\/\/www.e\u2010laws.gov.on.ca\/html\/statutes\/english\/elaws_statutes_96h02_e.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","unstructured":"A California medical clinic declined to make a certain assisted reproductive treatment available to one of its patients on the grounds that its practitioners objected on religious grounds to the same\u2010sex relationship in which she lived and planned to have children. The California Supreme Court rejected the various claims the clinic put forward to defend its decision. SeeSCOCAL North Coast Women's Care Medical Group v. San Diego Superior Court 44 Cal. 4th 1145 189 P.3d 959 81 Cal. Rptr. 3d 708 http:\/\/scocal.stanford.edu\/opinion\/north\u2010coast\u2010womens\u2010care\u2010medical\u2010group\u2010v\u2010san\u2010diego\u2010superior\u2010court\u201033046."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"Lesbian and Gay Access to Assisted Reproductive Technology","volume":"55","author":"Robertson J. A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Case Western Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7536.294"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"294","article-title":"The Priority of Professional Ethics over Personal Morality: Rapid Response to Julian Savulescu, Conscientious Objection in Medicine","volume":"332","author":"Rhodes R.","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","unstructured":"Ethical analysis of research also involves attention to the responsible conduct of research. Research oversight has had to wrestle with certain questions of confidentiality and cultural sensitivity for studies involving LGB people. It may be that this area is underdeveloped as it is not otherwise clear what difficulties for LGB people there may be here."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine Committee on Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities The Health of Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender People."},{"volume-title":"Gays\/Justice: A Study in Ethics, Society, and Law","year":"1988","key":"e_1_2_6_34_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","article-title":"Preventing Homosexuality (and Uppity Women) in the Womb?","author":"Dreger A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioethics Forum"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9332.001.0001","volume-title":"Ethics, Sexual Orientation, and Choices about Children","author":"Murphy T. 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