{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T20:22:15Z","timestamp":1761164535096,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>In the summer of 2018, the<\/jats:italic>\n                    Minneapolis Star Tribune\n                    <jats:italic>reported clinical trials at Hennepin County Medical Center in which emergency medical personnel were injecting agitated individuals with ketamine, often at the urging of police. These individuals were enrolled in the trials without their knowledge or consent. In one of the studies, nearly 40 percent of subjects given ketamine experienced breathing issues so serious that they had to be intubated. Many subjects were members of vulnerable, marginalized groups. In this paper, we describe the ways in which the Hennepin Healthcare ketamine studies violated federal research guidelines. We consider the troubling relationship between Hennepin Healthcare and law enforcement, as well as the concept of<\/jats:italic>\n                    excited delirium.\n                    <jats:italic>Finally, we consider some alternative ways of conceptualizing clinical trials in which the intervention may not benefit subjects. We compare the ketamine trials to clinical trials of chemical restraints in nursing homes and other health care institutions and also to studies of \u201cnonlethal\u201d weapons<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.4985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T19:47:05Z","timestamp":1760557625000},"page":"29-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Hennepin Healthcare Forced Ketamine Studies, Excited Delirium, and Police Violence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Carl","family":"Elliott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Brittany J.Buckley Plaintiff vs. Hennepin County et al. Complaint with Jury Demand filed 11\/7\/2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"A.Mannix \u201cPatients Sedated by Ketamine Were Enrolled in Hennepin Healthcare Study \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune June 23 2018 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/patients-sedated-by-ketamine-were-enrolled-in-hennepin-healthcare-study\/486363071\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"A.Mannix \u201cAt Urging of Minneapolis Police Hennepin EMS Workers Subdued Dozens with a Powerful Sedative \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune June 15 2018 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/at-urging-of-minneapolis-police-hennepin-ems-workers-subdued-dozens-with-a-powerful-sedative\/485607381."},{"volume-title":"MPD Involvement in Pre-hospital Sedation","year":"2018","author":"Office of Police Conduct Review","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Mannix \u201cPatients Sedated by Ketamine Were Enrolled in Hennepin Healthcare Study.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration \u201cKETALAR (ketamine hydrochloride injection) \u201d pharmaceutical insert April2017 https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2017\/016812s043lbl.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"J.Hoet al. \u201cCounterpoint: Discussion of Ketamine Use on Suspects Is Incomplete \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune June 19 2018 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/counterpoint-discussion-of-ketamine-use-on-suspects-is-incomplete\/485971781\/?refresh=true."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"J.EligonandA.Southall \u201cBlack Lives Matter Activists Vow Not to Cower after 5 Are Shot \u201dNew York Times November 24 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Office of Police Conduct Review MPD Involvement in Pre-hospital Sedation appendix 5."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"A.Mannix \u201cLawsuit Says Police Detained Innocent Man at North Memorial Urged Paramedics to Use Ketamine to Sedate Him \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune July 12 2018 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/lawsuit-says-police-detained-innocent-man-at-north-memorial-urged-paramedics-to-use-ketamine-to-seda\/487951331\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"K.Varagur \u201cParamedic Speaks Out on Police Use of Ketamine Injections \u201dIntercept August 25 2020 https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2020\/08\/25\/ketamine-police-use-minnesota\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"A.Derosier \u201cMinnesota Man's Lawsuit Seeks to Ban Police Department's Use of Ketamine on Suspects \u201dDuluth News Tribune April 12 2022 https:\/\/www.duluthnewstribune.com\/news\/minnesota\/minnesota-mans-lawsuit-seeks-to-ban-police-departments-use-of-ketamine-on-suspects."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"A.Mannix \u201cFDA Finds Hennepin Healthcare Doctors Violated Patient Safety Laws in Sedative Studies \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune October 12 2021 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/fda-finds-hennepin-healthcare-doctors-violated-patient-safety-laws-in-sedative-studies\/600108810\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration \u201cInspectional Observations for the Inspection of the Human Subjects Research Committee\/Institutional Review Board at Hennepin County Medical Center\/Hennepin Healthcare System Inc. \u201d form FDA 483 August 7-23 2018 https:\/\/www.citizen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/MIN-DO-Hennepin-Healthcare-System-INc.-Minneapolis-MN-FD-483-8-23-2018_LESS-Redacted.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"\u201cRead the Reports on Hennepin Healthcare's Ketamine Research \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune January 24 2019 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/read-the-reports-on-hennepin-healthcare-s-ketamine-research\/504823591\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"Buckley v. Hennepin County 9 F.4th 757 (8th Cir. 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"Hennepin Healthcare did apologize for failing to publicize the research before doing it. SeeHennepin Healthcare \u201cThe Truth about Hennepin Healthcare's Research \u201dhttps:\/\/www.hennepinhealthcare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/The-Truth-about-Hennepin-Healthcare3.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"A.Mannix \u201cWhere Law and Medicine Collide \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune May 11 2019 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/hcmc-doctor-says-his-police-taser-work-saves-lives-but-others-see-conflict-of-interest\/509447402\/?refresh=true."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"A.Mannix \u201cTaser Hennepin Healthcare Have a Research Relationship \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune December 22 2018 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/taser-hennepin-healthcare-have-a-research-relationship\/503392142\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Excited Delirium and Police Use of Force","volume":"107","author":"Obasogie O. K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virginia Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"U. G.Khatri \u201cExcited Delirium: A Deadly Term Finally Laid to Rest \u201dSTAT News October 27 2023 https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2023\/10\/27\/excited-delirium-acep-emergency-medicine-california-ban\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2016.1177652"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"D. J.Pallin \u201cIM Ketamine Is Not a Good First-Line Option for Severely Agitated Patients \u201dNEJM Journal Watch Emergency Medicine October 27 2017 https:\/\/www.jwatch.org\/na45267\/2017\/10\/24\/im-ketamine-not-good-first-line-option-severely-agitated."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","unstructured":"The provision for waiver of consent at 21 C.F.R. 50.24 includes a number of other requirements such as that the research could not practicably be carried out without the waiver and that the waiver will not adversely affect the rights and welfare of the subjects."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"For a counterargument see the report by Hogan Lovells US LLP commissioned by Hennepin Healthcare which argues that the administration of ketamine was not a study-related intervention.H.GertnerandS.Goldkind \u201cHennepin Healthcare System\u2014Human Research Protection Regulatory Compliance; Final Audit Findings and Recommendations \u201d Hogan Lovells US LLP memorandum November 1 2018 https:\/\/www.hennepinhealthcare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/GG-report2.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"The provision for the exception from informed consent at 21 C.F.R. 50.24 includes a number of other requirements as well. Among these are that the clinical investigation could not practicably be carried out without waiving informed consent that appropriate animal and preclinical studies have been conducted and that the risks of the investigation are reasonable in comparison to what is known about standard therapy and the investigational intervention. The provision also requires that a data safety monitoring board be established and that the investigators consult with representatives of the communities in which the study will be conducted and from which the subjects will be drawn."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2012.729129"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X16000819"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute \u201cKetamine versus Midazolam for Prehospital Agitation \u201dClinicaltrials.gov April2019 https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03554915."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","unstructured":"The Associated Press published an investigative report on deaths in police custody involving chemical restraints including ketamine and midazolam. Their investigation concluded that over half of the ninety-four documented deaths occurred after the administration of midazolam. SeeR. J.Foleyet al. \u201cDozens of Deaths Reveal Risks of Injecting Sedatives into People Restrained by Police \u201dAP News April 27 2024 https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/investigation-police-use-of-force-sedation-injections-demetrio-jackson-621909ba7491abc2af8ad2e33ba3415b."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","unstructured":"A.Mannix \u201cKetamine Study at Hennepin Healthcare Suspended after Criticism from Politicians \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune June 26 2018 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/ketamine-study-at-hennepin-healthcare-suspended-after-criticism-from-politicians\/486507021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration \u201cInspectional Observations for the Inspection of the Human Subjects Research Committee\/Institutional Review Board at Hennepin County Medical Center\/Hennepin Healthcare System Inc.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","unstructured":"U.S Food and Drug Administration Warning Letter to Lauren R. Klein M.D. M.S. May 6 2021 https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations\/warning-letters\/lauren-r-klein-md-ms-605544-05062021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","unstructured":"Public Citizenet al. letter to the Division of Dockets Management Food and Drug Administration November 17 2021 https:\/\/www.citizen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2609.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"Mannix \u201cWhere Law and Medicine Collide.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","unstructured":"A.Mannix \u201cCop or Doctor? In New Policy Hennepin Healthcare Tells Physicians to Choose One Job \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune April 3 2022 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/cop-or-doctor-in-new-policy-hennepin-healthcare-tells-physicians-to-choose-one-job\/600161821\/?refresh=true."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"R.Olson \u201cMinnesota Supreme Court Says Forced Body Cavity Search Is Unconstitutional \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune April 14 2019 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/minnesota-supreme-court-says-forced-body-cavity-search-is-unconstitutional\/542466722\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","unstructured":"Mannix \u201cTaser Hennepin Healthcare Have a Research Relationship.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","unstructured":"Some sources prefer the term\u201cless lethal\u201d weapon arguing that all weapons carry some risk of death. For the sake of clarity we use the more traditional term."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"P.Eisleret al. \u201cShock Tactics: The Toll \u201dReuters August 22 2017 https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/investigates\/special-report\/usa-taser-911\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"J.Szep T.Reid andP.Eisler \u201cSpecial Report: How Taser Inserts Itself into Investigations Involving Its Weapons \u201dReuters August 24 2017 https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-taser-experts-specialreport-idUSKCN1B417N\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"T.ReidandP.Seligson \u201cTaser's Defense Tactics Include Lawsuits against Coroners and Experts \u201dReuters August 24 2017 https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-taser-strikeback\/tasers-defense-tactics-include-lawsuits-against-coroners-and-experts-idUSKCN1B4182\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","unstructured":"J.Valentino-DeVrieset al. \u201cHow Paid Experts Help Exonerate Police after Deaths in Custody \u201dNew York Times December 26 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","unstructured":"Szep Reid andEisler \u201cSpecial Report.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","unstructured":"J.Ho \u201cSudden In-Custody Death \u201dPolice July 31 2005 https:\/\/www.policemag.com\/patrol\/article\/15349355\/sudden-in-custody-death."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","unstructured":"A.Mannix \u201cMinnesota State Senator Calls on Hennepin Healthcare to Close Conflict-of-Interest Loopholes \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune May 14 2019 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/minnesota-state-senator-calls-on-hennepin-healthcare-to-close-conflict-of-interest-loopholes\/509928622\/?refresh=true."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","unstructured":"J. D.Ho \u201cHow to Respond to Excited Delirium \u201dPolice June 30 2007 https:\/\/www.policemag.com\/patrol\/article\/15348983\/how-to-respond-to-excited-delirium."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120590891859"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2016.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11020J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20220204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","first-page":"98","volume-title":"Excited Delirium Syndrome: Cause of Death and Prevention","author":"Maio T. Di","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","unstructured":"Physicians for Human Rights \u201c\u2018Excited Delirium\u2019 and Deaths in Police Custody: The Deadly Impact of a Baseless Diagnosis \u201d March 2 2022 https:\/\/phr.org\/our-work\/resources\/excited-delirium\/#_edn209."},{"volume-title":"White Paper Report on Excited Delirium Syndrome","year":"2009","author":"American College of Emergency Physicians Excited Delirium Task Force","key":"e_1_2_8_58_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","unstructured":"L.Tomkins \u201cHere's What You Need to Know about Elijah McClain's Death \u201dNew York Times October 13 2023."},{"volume-title":"Paramedic Gets 5 Years in Prison for Elijah McClain's Death in Rare Case against Medical Responders","year":"2024","author":"Slevin C.","key":"e_1_2_8_60_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","unstructured":"E.Helmore \u201c\u2018Excited Delirium\u2019 Emerges as Key Issue in Trial of Officers Accused over George Floyd Death \u201dGuardian March 14 2022 https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2022\/feb\/14\/george-floyd-death-civil-trial-officers-minneapolis."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association \u201cPosition Statement on Concerns about Use of the Term \u2018Excited Delirium\u2019 and Appropriate Medical Management in Out-of-Hospital Contexts \u201d December2020 https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/getattachment\/7769e617-ee6a-4a89-829f-4fc71d831ce0\/Position-Use-of-Term-Excited-Delirium.pdf; American Medical Association \u201cPharmacological Intervention for Agitated Individuals in the Out-of-Hospital Setting H-130.932 \u201d 2021 https:\/\/policysearch.ama-assn.org\/policyfinder\/detail\/excited%20delirium?uri=%2FAMADoc%2FHOD.xml-H-130.932.xml."},{"volume-title":"Final Report","year":"2021","author":"Ketamine Investigatory Review Panel","key":"e_1_2_8_64_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","unstructured":"C. K.JohnsonandR. J.Foley \u201cMedical Examiners Group Steps Away from \u2018Excited Delirium \u2019\u201dAssociated Press News April 3 2023 https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/excited-delirium-police-custody-restraint-d75c5138fbed3c7911e0bd9bcde6c207; American College of Emergency Physicians \u201cACEP Reaffirms Positions on Hyperactive Delirium \u201d October 12 2023 https:\/\/www.acep.org\/news\/acep-newsroom-articles\/aceps-position-on-hyperactive-delirium."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","unstructured":"PhysiciansforHumanRights \u201c\u2018Excited Delirium\u2019 and Deaths in Police Custody.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","unstructured":"A.MannixandR.Olson \u201cTestimony: Minneapolis Police Trained to Ignore City's Civil Rights Report on Ketamine and Excited Delirium \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune January 31 2022 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/minneapolis-police-trained-ignore-citys-civil-rights-report-on-ketamine-excited-delirium-inspector\/600141547."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","unstructured":"A.Mannix \u201cMinneapolis Police Department Still Teaching Controversial \u2018Excited Delirium\u2019 Syndrome\u2014Despite Claiming It Had Stopped \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune February 12 2022 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/minneapolis-police-still-teaching-excited-delirium-syndrome-despite-claiming-it-stopped\/600146112."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","unstructured":"A.Mannix \u201cMinnesota Gov. Walz Signs Law Banning \u2018Excited Delirium\u2019 for Police \u201dMinneapolis Star Tribune June 5 2024 https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/minnesota-gov-walz-signs-law-banning-excited-delirium-for-police\/600371297."},{"volume-title":"ACEP Emergency Department Violence Poll Results","year":"2022","author":"American College of Emergency Physicians","key":"e_1_2_8_70_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12654"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","unstructured":"Declaration of Helsinki\u2014\u201cEthical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects \u201d June1964 last amended October 2024 World Medical Association https:\/\/www.wma.net\/policies-post\/wma-declaration-of-helsinki\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","first-page":"48","volume-title":"The Patient as Person","author":"Ramsey P.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265160490908077"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","first-page":"428","article-title":"The Physiologic Effects of a New Generation Conducted Electrical Weapon on Human Volunteers at Rest","volume":"16","author":"Girion L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sciences and Medical Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","unstructured":"If the weapon is a firearm its manufacture and sale are regulated by the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6912-3_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","unstructured":"American Medical Association \u201cCapital Punishment \u201d opinion 9.7.3 Code of Medical Ethics 2024 https:\/\/code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org\/ethics-opinions\/capital-punishment#:~:text=An%20individual's%20opinion%20on%20capital in%20a%20legally%20authorized%20execution; American Nursing Association Capital Punishment and Nurses\u2019 Participation in Capital Punishment 2016 https:\/\/www.nursingworld.org\/globalassets\/docs\/ana\/practice\/official-position-statements\/capital-punishment-position-statement_reaffirm_bod-approved_final.pdf; National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians \u201cNAEMT Position Statement EMT or Paramedic Participation in Capital Punishment \u201d January 26 2010 https:\/\/www.naemt.org\/docs\/default-source\/advocacy-documents\/positions\/1-26-10_EMT_or_Paramedic_Participation_in_Capital_Punishment.pdf?sfvrsn=3718628f_0."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2017.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15247J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-007-9043-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaa018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.GroggerandB. A.Ba \u201cThe Introduction of Tasers and Police Use of Force: Evidence from the Chicago Police Department \u201dNBER Working Paper Series(2018): doi:10.3386\/w24202.","DOI":"10.3386\/w24202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854818812918"}],"container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.4985","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T18:19:33Z","timestamp":1761070773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hast.4985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hast.4985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.4985","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-0334","1552-146X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0093-0334"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1552-146X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}