{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:27:02Z","timestamp":1790303222905,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>In the twentieth century, following the development of advanced life\u2010support technology, recognition of perimortem states such as brain death challenged traditional definitions of death. A series of debates in the 1960s and 1970s regarding the need to adapt the social and legal frameworks in the face of new medical capabilities culminated in the publication and widespread adoption of the Uniform Determination of Death Act. However, in the interests of uniformity, the drafters of the UDDA compromised its internal conceptual clarity in favor of ensuring that the UDDA was broadly acceptable. A uniform statute proposed by James Bernat and collaborators in the 1980s demonstrates that increased clarity regarding underlying philosophical commitments in a model statute could help to resolve this confusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.5005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T11:53:54Z","timestamp":1765454034000},"page":"29-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Defining Death Anew: Reexamining the Twentieth\u2010Century Brain Death Debates and the Uniform Determination of Death Act"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Clinton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Defining Death: A Report on the Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death","author":"President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws Uniform Determination of Death Act \u00a7 1 (1980)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Death, Dying, and the Biological Revolution","author":"Veatch R. M.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 21."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140320031009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 337."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms1410321"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"124","volume-title":"Abdullah Fatteh. No. 2831","author":"Compton A. C.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 125\u201326."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 126."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3561575"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Veatch Death Dying and the Biological Revolution 23."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"424","article-title":"But When Did He Die? Tucker v. Lower and the Brain-Death Concept","volume":"12","author":"Converse R.","year":"1975","journal-title":"San Diego Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"Tucker v. Lower."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1971.03180150078024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1970.tb54757.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Death before Dying: History, Medicine, and Brain Death","author":"Belkin G.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 340."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1977.03280160045026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03300180029027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 1988."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"The Whole-Brain-Oriented Concept of Death: An Outmoded Philosophical Formulation","volume":"3","author":"Veatch R. M.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Thanatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 15 20."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 14 25."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1978.tb50328.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/67M2-WFGY-9L9H-5RKK"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 333\u201334."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/NETA-UT0T-TBYU-EVFA"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roelofs \u201cSome Preliminary Remarks on Brain Death \u201d39.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1978.tb50328.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 39."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor \u201cA Statutory Definition of Death in Kansas \u201d296.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1971.03180150078024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","unstructured":"The statute reads \u201cDeath is to be pronounced before artificial means of supporting respiratory and circulatory function are terminated and before any vital organ is removed for purposes of transplantation.\u201d Quoted inTaylor \u201cA Statutory Definition of Death in Kansas \u201d296."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197110212851710"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197110212851705"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","unstructured":"Veatch Death Dying and the Biological Revolution 64."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","unstructured":"Kennedy \u201cThe Kansas Statute on Death \u201d947."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3311148"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 110."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 102."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roelofs was aware of the Capron-Kass model and it may have contributed to his own articulation of the concept-criteria split; he mentions a later publication by Capron in his own article in 1978 which was published in the same issue of theAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Roelofs \u201cSome Preliminary Remarks on Brain Death \u201d 40.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1978.tb50328.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CapronandKass \u201cA Statutory Definition of the Standards for Determining Human Death \u201d102\u20133.","DOI":"10.7312\/weir91040-011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","unstructured":"President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research Defining Death 63\u201365."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 64."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1978.tb50329.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","unstructured":"President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research Defining Death 62\u201367."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","unstructured":"National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws Uniform Determination of Death Act \u00a7 1 (1980)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","unstructured":"President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research Defining Death 72."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","unstructured":"Veatch Death Dying and the Biological Revolution 55."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","first-page":"1187","article-title":"The Need for Uniform Law on the Determination of Death","volume":"27","author":"Abram M. B.","year":"1982","journal-title":"New York Law School Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","unstructured":"President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research Defining Death 73."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 36."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 56."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 57."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 56."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 40."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 41."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","unstructured":"National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws Uniform Determination of Death Act \u00a7 1 (1980)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3560613"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 7\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","unstructured":"President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research Defining Death 57\u201358."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 74."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","unstructured":"Bernatet al. \u201cDefining Death in Theory and Practice \u201d8."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","unstructured":"President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research Defining Death 72\u201373."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.24475"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 2335."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 2335."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 2336."}],"container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.5005","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hast.5005","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.5005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T15:17:42Z","timestamp":1777475862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hast.5005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hast.5005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.5005","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-0334","1552-146X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-0334","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-146X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}