{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:13:41Z","timestamp":1782951221083,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":72,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["852\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["852\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Following Russia's occupation of Eastern Ukraine, local health care professionals, particularly hospital administrators and public health officials, have faced criminal charges of medical collaboration for taking senior managerial positions in the occupation regime and allocating resources to the Russian army. Although Ukraine is entitled to prosecute collaborators who threaten its national security, the grounds for criminalizing medical administration during military occupation are much weaker and essentially indefensible. During occupation, international humanitarian law requires Russia to maintain adequate health care services with the assistance of local officials, protects these officials from prosecution, and ensures their independence as they weigh their professional duties to maintain essential health care for the civilian population. An analysis of representative legal cases charging health care professionals with treason and collaboration demonstrates the shortfalls of Ukrainian policy that (a) does not clearly differentiate between charges of collaboration, aiding and abetting the enemy, and treason, (b) rejects public health officials\u2019 duty to cooperate with an occupation regime, and (c) ignores health care administrators\u2019 right to condition their decision to cooperate on its attendant costs and benefits. Recognizing a policy of<\/jats:italic>\n                    humanitarian cooperation\n                    <jats:italic>rectifies these deficiencies by highlighting the independence of health care officials, their protection from prosecution by Ukrainian and Russian authorities, and each party's duty to maintain adequate medical care for the local population during military occupation<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.70005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T13:48:38Z","timestamp":1757598518000},"page":"24-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Maintaining Health Care in Occupied Ukraine: Criminal Collaboration or Conscientious Professionalism?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Gross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Ukrainian Criminal Code 2022 article 111 (1) https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/global-legal-monitor\/2022-04-04\/ukraine-new-laws-criminalize-collaboration-with-an-aggressor-state#:~:text=The%20new%20article%20111(1 any%20economic%20activities%20in%20cooperation. See also Ukrainian Criminal Code 2022 article 111 (2) Aiding and Abetting the Aggressor State https:\/\/zakon.rada.gov.ua\/laws\/show\/2341-14#Text."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.Dancyet al. \u201cRussia's Willing Collaborators: Ukraine Needs a Measured Lustration Policy to Strengthen Security and Rebuild Democracy \u201dForeign Affairs June 8 2023 https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/ukraine\/russias-willing-collaborators; J. McBride \u201cA Return to Antenora? Observations on Collaboration during the Russo-Ukrainian War \u201dJournal of Genocide Research25 no. 3-4 (2023): 445-62; S. Darcy \u201cComing to Terms with Wartime Collaboration: Post-conflict Processes & Legal Challenges \u201dBrooklyn Journal of International Law45 (2019): 75-137.","DOI":"10.1080\/14623528.2023.2267848"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"M.Podolyak \u201cNo one can condemn Ukrainians who remain in the temporarily occupied territories\u201d [in Ukrainian] X May 23 2022 https:\/\/x.com\/Podolyak_M\/status\/1528764998373232640."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"For example Yurii Bovkun the director of the Kherson regional emergency medical care center was charged with treason and collaboration for facilitating an illegal referendum and paying employee salaries in rubles. Oksana Miniailo deputy chief physician and head of the hospital in Bilozerka in the Kherson region was charged with treason for assisting subversive activities and supporting illegal (Russian) authorities and institutions.A.Zubova \u201cCollaborationism in Medicine: National Judicial Practice and the Requirements of International Humanitarian Law\u201d [in Ukrainian] Media Initiative for Human Rights October 19 2023 https:\/\/mipl.org.ua\/kolaboraczionizm-u-medyczyni-naczionalna-sudova-praktyka-ta-vymogy-mizhnarodnogo-gumanitarnogo-prava\/. (Media Initiative for Human Rights is a media team investigating war crimes and advocating for human rights and is prominently cited in the foreign media.) Konstiantyn Viktorovych Skorupskyi former chief sanitary doctor of Feodosia and Sudak was indicted for collaboration for changing Crimea's medical system to meet the military needs of the Russian Armed Forces and providing the necessary medical equipment medicines and special vehicles to Russian military formations participating in the war against Ukraine. Information Agency Center of Journalistic Investigations \u201cThe Case against the \u2018Minister of Health Care\u2019 of Crimea for Collaborationism Has Been Referred to Court\u201d [in Ukrainian] Information Agency 2023 https:\/\/court.investigator.org.ua\/uk\/2023\/02\/spravu-proty-ministra-ohorony-zdorov-ya-krymu-za-kolaboratsionizm-skerovano-do-sudu\/. (Information Agency Center of Journalistic Investigations is a nonprofit nonpartisan media project of Crimean nongovernmental organizations and is a member of the Global Investigative Journalism Network.) According to the investigation the accused organized the provision of necessary medical equipment medicines and special vehicles for Russian military formations participating in the war against Ukraine. An unnamed medical administrator faced similar charges in liberated Kupyansk. \u201cThe Security Service of Ukraine Detained a Local Deputy in the Kharkiv Region Who Ordered Ukrainian Hospitals Converted into Military Hospitals for the \u2018Rashists \u2019\u201d Security Service of Ukraine 2023 https:\/\/ssu.gov.ua\/novyny\/sbu-zatrymala-mistsevoho-deputata-na-kharkivshchyni-yakyi-nakazav-pereobladnaty-ukrainski-likarni-pid-viiskovi-hospitali-rashystiv."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"The Unified State Register of Court Decisions is an automated system for collecting storing searching and providing electronic copies of Ukrainian court decisions; seehttps:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War Aug. 12 1949 6 UST 3516 75 UNTS 287 art. 56."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Ibid. art. 51 and Commentary of 1958 on art. 51."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"In this article \u201cpublic health officials\u201d refers to any government-employed health official responsible for public health care whether they oversee medical facilities or work directly in the public health field."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War art. 54."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Ibid. Commentary of 1958 on art. 54."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Coercion and Control: Ukraine's Health Care System under Russian Occupation","author":"Physicians for Human Rights","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32841-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"United Nations Human Rights Council Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine(A\/HRC\/58\/67) (advance unedited version) March 11 2025 https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/ukraine\/report-independent-international-commission-inquiry-ukraine-ahrc5867advance-unedited-version."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2024.0031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cAccessing Health Care in Ukraine after 8 Months of War: The Health System Remains Resilient but Key Health Services and Medicine Are Increasingly Unaffordable \u201d press release October 24 2022 https:\/\/www.who.int\/azerbaijan\/news\/item\/24-10-2022-accessing-health-care-in-ukraine-after-8-months-of-war--the-health-system-remains-resilient--but-key-health-services-and-medicine-are-increasingly-unaffordable; World Health Organization Health Needs Assessment of the Adult Population in Ukraine: Survey Report(Geneva: World Health Organization 2023) 2 https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-EURO-2024-6904-46670-73154; Physicians for Human Rights Coercion and Control; author's personal communication with the Data and Analytics Unit staff of the International Organization for Migration through the \u201cUkraine\u201d web page of the organization's Global Data Institute Displacement Tracking Matrix site July 3 2024 https:\/\/dtm.iom.int\/ukraine. Although Ukraine's government continued to fund health care in the occupied territories and pay salaries a complete picture of extant health care services under Russian occupation remains difficult to obtain. No data are available from occupied Ukraine prior to liberation. As some areas are liberated researchers can collect data to compare health care services in previously occupied areas in Donetsk Zaporizhzhya Kharkiv and Kherson to those in the rest of Ukraine."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01885-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.6308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"M.Naumova \u201cDoes Staying behind Mean Collaboration with Occupiers? \u201dTexty.org.ua June 8 2022 https:\/\/texty.org.ua\/articles\/106915\/does-staying-behind-mean-collaboration-with-occupiers\/. (Texty.org.uais independent Ukrainian socio-political and analytical online publication and recipient of European press awards.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304582"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"The Virtues in Medical Practice","author":"Thomasma D. C.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cSurveillance System for Attacks on Health Care (SSA) \u201d February 24 2022-March 19 2025 https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/ssa\/Index.aspx. The data do not distinguish between health workers and patients."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"A.MacDonaldandI.Sivorka \u201cThe Doctors Saving Lives in a Secret Bunker 10 Feet Underground on Ukraine's Front \u201dWall Street Journal October 24 2024 https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/world\/10-feet-underground-ukrainian-medics-face-blasts-and-bloodshed-in-front-line-hospitals-2df2e9a2."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuger and Miles \u201cPhysicians AIDS and Occupational Risk \u201d 1927. Zuger and Miles writing in 1987 refer only to AIDS.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03400140086030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","unstructured":"Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War art. 55."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","volume-title":"CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12)","author":"Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"M. N.Schmitt \u201cUkraine Symposium\u2014Forced Civilian Labor in Occupied Territory \u201dArticles of War Lieber Institute West Point (United States Military Academy) https:\/\/lieber.westpoint.edu\/forced-civilian-labor-occupied-territory\/."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_10_28_1.1","unstructured":"This summary statement of impartiality consolidates three IHL provisions: (a) the rights of the wounded to receive medical care (Geneva Convention [I] for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field Aug. 12 1949 6 UST 3114 75 UNTS 31 art. 12)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_10_28_1.2","unstructured":"(b) the duties of belligerents to provide care (see Commentary of 2016 on art. 12 of the 1st Geneva Convention) and"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_10_28_1.3","unstructured":"(c) the right of belligerents to \"appeal to the civilian population \u2026 to care for the wounded\" (Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of Aug. 12 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts [Protocol I] June 8 1977 art. 17.2)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"Physicians for Human Rights Coercion and Control 22\u201326; S. Skove \u201c\u2018Torture Every Day\u2019: How Kherson's Doctors Survived the Russian Occupation \u201d Radio Free Europe December 11 2022 https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/kherson-doctors-occupation-ukraine\/32171531.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","unstructured":"Criminal Code of Ukraine article 111 High Treason 2001 https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/eoir\/legacy\/2013\/11\/08\/criminal_code_0.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","unstructured":"Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 201\/4734\/23 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine Treason (Zhovtnevyi District Court of Dnipropetrovsk February 20 2024) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/115640198;O.Zhuravel \u201cA Mariupol Medic Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment \u201dCrime and Punishment[in Ukrainian] December 17 2023 https:\/\/zlochyn.dp.ua\/articles\/matiupolsku-medykyniu-zasudyly-do-dovichnogo-uvjaznennia. (Crime and Punishmenthighlights high-profile crimes and offenses with a current focus on war crimes)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"A.Zubova \u201cCollaborationism in Medicine\u201d; Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine Notice of Suspicion and Summonses for Pasternak O.H. for 26.07.2023 27.07.2023 28.07.2023 [in Ukrainian] (Kyiv: Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine 2023) https:\/\/www.gp.gov.ua\/ua\/posts\/povidomlennya-pro-pidozru-ta-povistki-pro-viklik-pasternaku-og-na-26072023-27072023-28072023?fbclid=IwAR1Iwno2FJix7bc0m_rPhO0OdJvFasgMtJg2IFnrnoFJn93yPumGpx55om8."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","unstructured":"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of Aug. 12 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) June 8 1977 art. 16. See also para. 682 of Commentary of 1987 on art. 16."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","volume-title":"The Principles of Humanity and Necessity","author":"International Committee of the Red Cross","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","unstructured":"This is in contrast to information\u201crelating to the health or physical condition of the wounded and sick.\u201d Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of Aug. 12 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) June 8 1977 Commentary of 1987 on art. 16 para. 682."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","unstructured":"Ibid. para. 684."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","first-page":"308","volume-title":"Principles of Biomedical Ethics","author":"Beauchamp T. L.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","unstructured":"Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 201\/4734\/23 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine Treason."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","unstructured":"\u201cStudying under Fire Attacks on Schools Military Use of Schools during the Armed Conflict in Eastern Ukraine \u201d Human Rights Watch February 11 2016 https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/02\/11\/studying-under-fire\/attacks-schools-military-use-schools-during-armed-conflict#4147; C. Buckley et al. \u201cThe War in Ukraine Is More Devastating Than You Know \u201d Washington Post April 9 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","unstructured":"A.Zubova \u201cCollaborationism in Medicine.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","unstructured":"A. O.Podzirov \u201cCollaborationism in Educational Activities: Who Will Be Held Accountable?\u201d [in Ukrainian] Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union December 13 2022 https:\/\/www.helsinki.org.ua\/articles\/kolaboratsionizm-v-osvitniy-diialnosti-koho-prytiahnut-do-vidpovidalnosti\/. (Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union founded in 2004 by fifteen human rights organizations is a nonprofit nonpartisan association dedicated to promoting the humanitarian principles of the 1975 Helsinki Final Act on Security and Cooperation in Europe.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","unstructured":"Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 331\/2927\/22 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; Collaborative Activity (Tomakivskyi District Court of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast February 2 2023) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/108327107."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","unstructured":"Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 331\/608\/23 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; Collaborative Activity (Zhovtnevyi District Court of Zaporizhzhia July 13 2023) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/111443875."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","unstructured":"Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 308\/16469\/24 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; High Treason (December 24 2024) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/124191947."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","unstructured":"Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 331\/2927\/22 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; Collaborative Activity (Tomakivskyi District Court of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast June 2 2023) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/108327107; Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 760\/23311\/23 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; Collaborative Activity (Solomianskyi District Court of Kyiv January 30 2024) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/114653675."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","unstructured":"Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no.766\/1607\/24 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine: Aiding an Aggressor State (March 10 2025) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/124987459; Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 947\/17419\/23 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine: Aiding an Aggressor State (January 17 2025) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/123854708; Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 607\/6578\/24 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine: Aiding an Aggressor State (December 13 2024) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/122939364; Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 308\/5044\/23 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; High Treason (January 7 2024) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/122250700."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","unstructured":"V.Zhydkov \u201cCooperation of the Population with the Occupiers: Who Should Be Held Accountable?\u201d [in Ukrainian] Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union February 17 2023 https:\/\/www.helsinki.org.ua\/articles\/spivpratsia-naselennia-z-okupantamy-koho-prytiahaty-do-vidpovidalnosti\/; O. Shevchenko \u201cCollaboration with the Enemy during Occupation: What Circumstances Exclude Criminal Wrongdoing?\u201d [in Ukrainian] Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union December 19 2022 https:\/\/www.helsinki.org.ua\/articles\/spivpratsia-z-vorohom-pid-chas-okupatsii-iaki-obstavyny-vykliuchaiut-kryminalnu-protypravnist\/; also Naumova \u201cDoes Staying behind Mean Collaboration with Occupiers?\u201d"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_10_48_1.1","unstructured":"O.KharytonovandM.Kakhnova \"'Medical Collaborationism:' Punish Not to Pardon? \"Yurydychna Gazeta13-16 November 29 2023 771-74 https:\/\/yur-gazeta.com\/publications\/practice\/kriminalne-pravo-ta-proces\/medichniy-kolaboracionizm-pokarati-ne-mozhna-pomiluvati.html. (Yurydychna Gazetais a Ukrainian publication for and about legal professionals. Established in 2003 it cooperates with law firms and lawyers across the country.) T. O. Mykhailichenko \"Collaboration of Medical Workers with the State-Occupier and Its Representatives \" Collaborationism in Temporarily Occupied Territories: Issues of Legal Assessment Guaranteeing Human Rights and Freedoms and Reintegration of Territories"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_10_48_1.2","unstructured":"Materials from the Scientific and Practical Roundtable Kharkiv October 6 2023 https:\/\/dspace.nlu.edu.ua\/jspui\/bitstream\/123456789\/19796\/3\/Collaboration_tes-n.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","unstructured":"Kharytonov and Kakhnova \u201c\u2018Medical Collaborationism\u2019\u201d; Mykhailichenko \u201cCollaboration of Medical Workers with the State-Occupier and Its Representatives.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","unstructured":"Shevchenko \u201cCollaboration with the Enemy during Occupation.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","unstructured":"Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 333\/8623\/23 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; Collaborative Activity (Komunarskyi District Court of Zaporizhzhia May 9 2024) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/118189472. Additional cases include Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 333\/847\/23 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; Collaborative Activity (Komunarskyi District Court of Zaporizhzhia September 11 2023) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/113520368; Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 607\/10098\/23 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; Collaborative Activity (Ternopil City District Court of Ternopil Oblast January 24 2024) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/115490524; Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 331\/608\/23 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; Collaborative Activity (Zhovtnevyi District Court of Zaporizhzhia July 13 2023) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/111443875; Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 191\/3386\/22 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; Collaborative Activity (Synelnykivskyi City District Court of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast June 18 2024) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/119116226."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","unstructured":"Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 953\/6539\/22 Proceedings Based on Submissions by Law Enforcement Agencies upon the Request of an Investigator Prosecutor or Other Persons Regarding the Application of Preventive Measures; Detention of a Person (Kyivskyi District Court of Kharkiv March 27 2023) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/109033891; Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 953\/6539\/22 Proceedings Based on Submissions by Law Enforcement Agencies upon the Request of an Investigator Prosecutor or Other Persons; Other Motions (Kyivskyi District Court of Kharkiv June 6 2023) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/111436633."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","unstructured":"Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War Commentary of 1958 on art. 56; see also Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War art. 55 and 56."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","unstructured":"I.Senyuta \u201cPublic Health Law and the War in Ukraine: Present and Future Lessons \u201dZdrowie Publiczne i Zarz\u0105dzanie[Public health and management] 20 (2022): 3-7; I. S. Belyaev \u201cCollaboration in the Medical Field \u201d inCurrent Problems of Private and Public Law Materials of the VI International Scientific and Practical Conference ed. A. Engler-Jakubiak O. Kovalenko and P. Jakubiak (Kharkiv Ukraine 2024) 300-2. The second source here is in an electronic archive of the Kharkiv National Pedagogical University; seehttps:\/\/dspace.hnpu.edu.ua\/items\/e68f8b90-86eb-4100-be99-9015bce9d0f6."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780190694944.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","unstructured":"Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 766\/1362\/24 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; Collaborative Activity (Kherson City Court of Kherson Oblast May 25 2024) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/118684039;"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","unstructured":"Unified State Register of Court Decisions case no. 766\/4291\/23 Crimes against the Foundations of National Security of Ukraine; Collaborative Activity (Kherson City Court of Kherson Oblast August 28 2023) https:\/\/reyestr.court.gov.ua\/Review\/113289416;"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","unstructured":"Kharytonov and Kakhnova \u201c\u2018Medical Collaborationism:\u2019; Naumova \u201cDoes Staying behind Mean Collaboration with Occupiers?\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","unstructured":"I.Kasianenko \u2018There Was Disgust but Everyone Did Their Job\u2019: How a Hospital in Sumy Region Saved Russian Soldiers\u201d [in Ukrainian] Suspilne Sumy April 21 2023 https:\/\/suspilne.media\/453210-vidraza-bula-ale-vsi-vikonuvali-svou-robotu-ak-v-likarni-na-sumsini-ratuvali-rosijskih-vijskovih\/. (Suspilne Sumy is the Sumy branch of the Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine and included in the Institute of Mass Information's \u201cWhite List\u201d of the highest-quality Ukrainian online resources in 2024.)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_10_60_1.1","unstructured":"For discussion of such abuse in Ukraine and elsewhere seeK.Janowski \"UN Human Rights Ukraine Released Reports on Treatment of Prisoners of War and Overall Human Rights Situation in Ukraine \" press release United Nations Ukraine March 24 2023 https:\/\/ukraine.un.org\/en\/224744-un-human-rights-ukraine-released-reports-treatment-prisoners-war-and-overall-human-rights"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_10_60_1.2","unstructured":"United Nation Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine 1 March 2024 -31 May 2024 para. 83-86 https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/attachments\/a5c10924-f89b-486d-8e80-846384fe98b7\/24-07-02-OHCHR-39th-periodic-report-Ukraine.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","unstructured":"K.Khoroshchak \u201cWe Are Paying a High Price: Viktor Liashko on the Consequences of the War for the Medical System and Ukrainians and the Effectiveness of the Work of the World Health Organization\u201d [in Ukrainian] Ukrainska Pravda June 10 2022 https:\/\/life.pravda.com.ua\/health\/2022\/06\/10\/249044\/. (Ukrainska Pravdais an investigative Ukrainian online media outlet consistently recognized by the Institute of Mass Information as one of the top sources for reliable news in Ukraine.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","volume-title":"Justice under Conditions of Russian Armed Aggression","author":"\u201cRating\u201d Sociological Group","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","volume-title":"Collaborationism and Abetting the Aggressor State: Practice of Legislative Application and Prospects for Improvement","author":"Syniuk Onysiia","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","volume-title":"WMA Statement in Times of Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Violence","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","unstructured":"The full list of journals is available from the author."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","unstructured":"Zhydkov \u201cCooperation of the Population with the Occupiers.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O.KharytonovandM.Kakhnova \u201cMedical Collaborationism: What It Is and Why This Topic Is Important\u201d [in Ukrainian] Left Bank November 13 2023 https:\/\/lb.ua\/blog\/bf_zdorovi_rishennia\/584092_medichniy_kolaboratsionizm_shcho_tse_take.html(Left Bankis a Ukrainian online newspaper founded in 2008 by the Gorshenin Institute a research and analytics company); O. O. Kravchuk and M. S. Bondarenko \u201cCollaborative Activities: Scientific and Practical Commentary on the New Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code \u201dJuridical Scientific Electronic Journal of the Law Faculty of Zaporizhzhia National University[in Ukrainian] 3 (2022): 198-204.","DOI":"10.32782\/2524-0374\/2022-3\/45"}],"container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.70005","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hast.70005","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.70005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T06:51:01Z","timestamp":1780383061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hast.70005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hast.70005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.70005","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-0334","1552-146X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-0334","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-146X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}