{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T02:02:45Z","timestamp":1778292165162,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>How should the state respond to people who commit low\u2010level criminal offenses that stem from an untreated substance\u2010use disorder? The issue has taken on a heightened importance amidst an ongoing national addiction crisis that has destabilized many U.S. communities and led to a myriad of harms. I offer a qualified defense for the use of legal mandates that require participation in drug treatment in lieu of jail time as one possible tool for reducing the public harms associated with chronic addiction. I argue that mandated treatment is effective, though less effective than many proponents argue. Beyond the effectiveness question, opponents contend that mandated treatment exacerbates structural inequalities, including the overpolicing of marginalized communities and underinvestment in voluntary treatment. Drawing on an egalitarian theory of justice, I argue that these structural inequalities present a compelling reason to constrain the use of mandates, but that they should be counterbalanced by a mixture of paternalistic and public safety concerns that make mandates one of several instruments in drug policy for addressing the pervasive harms from severe substance\u2010use disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.70038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T15:26:12Z","timestamp":1778081172000},"page":"15-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mandated Drug Treatment in the Criminal Legal System\u2014a Blunt but Necessary Tool?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Brendan","family":"Saloner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Drug Overdose Deaths: Facts and Figures","author":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100813"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration \u201cSAMHSA Releases Annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health \u201d press release July 28 2025 https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/newsroom\/press-announcements\/20250728\/samhsa-releases-annual-national-survey-on-drug-use-and-health."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.27241"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb04382.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230801923702"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"\u201cDrug War Stats \u201d Drug Policy Alliance accessed June 1 2025 https:\/\/drugpolicy.org\/drug-war-stats\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"I use the term \u201cmandate\u201d throughout as a way of denoting that the treatment involves explicit conditions on compliance imposed by the criminal legal system. Other authors sometimes refer to the same types of treatment as \u201ccoerced\u201d or \u201cinvoluntary \u201d which are more loaded terms because they imply that these programs operate either through the exercise of illegitimate power or that treatment does not involve some degree of personal choice. Indeed a key feature of mandated treatment is that there is generally some ability to opt out and either attempt to win a favorable court verdict (pretrial) or to take a certain jail sentence (posttrial)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2006.57.4.544"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) 2021: Annual Detailed Tables","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0558"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066350903362875"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112666"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1511480"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"The Purpose in Chronic Addiction","volume":"3","author":"Pickard H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"Undoing Drugs: How Harm Reduction Is Changing the Future of Drugs and Addiction","author":"Szalavitz M.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2020.1807559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration \u201c2023 NSDUH Detailed Tables \u201d July 30 2024 https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/2023-nsduh-detailed-tables."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-016-9538-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.111376"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2005.00466.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"Drug Courts: A Smart Approach to Criminal Justice","author":"Office of National Drug Control Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"The Multi-Site Adult Drug Court Evaluation: The Impact of Drug Courts","author":"Rossman S.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9780814784068.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"Adult Drug Courts: Studies Show Courts Reduce Recidivism, but DOJ Could Enhance Future Performance Measure Revision Efforts","author":"U.S. Government Accountability Office","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201800066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/kaye17288"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/japp.12640"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 495."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 498."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","unstructured":"StatementofKeithHumphreys professoratStanfordUniversity \u201cTestimony before the Oregon Senate Committee on Judiciary and Ballot Measure 100 Implementation \u201d 81st Legislative Assembly September 21 2022 https:\/\/addictionpolicy.stanford.edu\/sites\/g\/files\/sbiybj25011\/files\/media\/file\/keith_humphreys_testimony.pdf(pp.1\u20132)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/233897"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5325\/goodsociety.23.1.0103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 104."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"\u201cDrug War Stats \u201d Drug Policy Alliance accessed February 19 2026 https:\/\/drugpolicy.org\/drug-war-stats\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2020.1861364"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/fsr.2022.34.2-3.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474511424684"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503245231167407"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2004.10471202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"A.Sen \u201cEquality of What? \u201d Tanner Lecture on Human Values Stanford University Palo Alto CA May 22 1979."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopp.12245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 523."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 523."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","unstructured":"S.Quinones \u201cAmerica's Approach to Addiction Has Gone Off the Rails \u201dAtlantic June 1 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-019-0145-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000555"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-071723-112620"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","unstructured":"Exec. Order No. 14321 90 Fed. Reg.35817(July 24 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","unstructured":"Ibid. sect. 3."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","unstructured":"Ibid. sect. 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","unstructured":"\u201c50-State Crime Data \u201d Council on State Government Justice Center accessed February 25 2026 https:\/\/projects.csgjusticecenter.org\/tools-for-states-to-address-crime\/50-state-crime-data\/."}],"container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.70038","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hast.70038","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.70038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T13:16:32Z","timestamp":1778246192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hast.70038"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hast.70038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.70038","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-0334","1552-146X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-0334","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-146X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}