{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T15:25:29Z","timestamp":1787153129416,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2220611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2220611"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Scientific research increasingly involves large, multidisciplinary teams networked across multiple institutions to develop new technologies. Despite the rise of complex research networks and big team science, there has been too little analysis to date of the ethical challenges facing these networks. The extensive literature on the ethical issues confronting individual researchers and small teams (the microlevel) and on the larger societal challenges flowing from research and new technology (the macrolevel) leaves a troubling gap in between, at the mesolevel of the research network involved in big team science. Yet the ability of complex networks to conduct research ethically\u2014which is essential if the results are to be deemed reliable and trustworthy\u2014depends on recognizing the ethical issues that emerge at this intermediate network level, identifying the values that should guide networks in addressing those issues, and equipping research leaders to build a culture supporting the ethical conduct of research across the laboratories and institutions that comprise the network. This paper calls out the problem, analyzing the gap and recommending next steps<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.70046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:41:31Z","timestamp":1784562091000},"page":"32-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Filling the Network Gap in Research Ethics: Analyzing Ethical Issues at Scale in Big Team Science"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian H.","family":"Roehrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy L.","family":"Pruett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korkut","family":"Uygun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire Colby","family":"McVan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Brister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawneequa L.","family":"Callier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Capron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Childress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Isasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Maynard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Oye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul B.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrence R.","family":"Tiersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science","author":"National Research Council","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"National Research Council Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science 21; see also \u201cAbout the International Network for the Science of Team Science (INSciTS) \u201d International Network for the Science of Team Science accessed May 25 2025 https:\/\/inscits.org\/page\/about; K. L. Hall A. L. Vogel and R. T. Croyle eds. Strategies for Team Science Success; K. L. Hall et al. \u201cThe Science of Team Science: A Review of the Empirical Evidence and Research Gaps on Collaboration in Science \u201dAmerican Psychologist73 no. 4 (2018): 532-48; L. M. Bennett H. Gadlin and C. Marchand Collaboration and Team Science: A Field Guide 2nd ed. (National Cancer Institute 2018) https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about\u2010nci\/organization\/crs\/research\u2010initiatives\/team\u2010science\u2010field\u2010guide\/collaboration\u2010team\u2010science\u2010guide.pdf; H. J. Falk\u2010Krzesinski et al. \u201cAdvancing the Science of Team Science \u201dClinical and Translational Science3 no. 5 (2010): 263-66; D. Stokols et al. \u201cThe Science of Team Science: Overview of the Field and Introduction to the Supplement \u201dAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicine35 no. 2 (2008): S77-89."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"National Research Council Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science 22."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"The Science and Practice of Team Science","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-021-00352-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005278.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005278"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See e.g. Bennett Gadlin andMarchand Collaboration and Team Science 77\u201381(contrasting \u201c[a] collaborative research team [that] set up a publications committee to actively address authorship issues from the very beginning of a project\u201d with a team that failed to do so leading to a destructive dispute). Although we focus in this article on U.S. research collaborations the literature on international collaborations has recommended ethical guidelines to avoid exploitation. See e.g. E. J. Emanuel et al. \u201cWhat Makes Clinical Research in Developing Countries Ethical? The Benchmarks of Ethical Research \u201dJournal of Infectious Diseases189 no. 5 (2004): 930-37 (recommending a principle of \u201ccollaborative partnership\u201d). Of course avoiding exploitation and abuse of power differentials in U.S. research collaborations is also an imperative including in collaborations with community\u2010based researchers. See e.g. F. X. Shen et al. \u201cEthical Legal and Policy Challenges in Field\u2010Based Neuroimaging Research Using Emerging Portable MRI Technologies: Guidance for Investigators and for Oversight \u201dJournal of Law and the Biosciences11 no. 1 (2024): doi:10.1093\/jlb\/lsae008.","DOI":"10.1093\/jlb\/lsae008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781848608368.n16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215962"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2117261118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446294413"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"See \u201cNSF ATP\u2010Bio \u201d National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Advanced Technologies for the Preservation of Biological Systems 2020 https:\/\/www.atp\u2010bio.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Agents of Change: NSF's Engineering Research Centers, A History","author":"Preston L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"88","volume-title":"A New Vision for Center\u2010Based Engineering Research","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 1."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See G.Roehriget al. \u201cPerceptions of Network\u2010Level Ethics in an Engineering Research Center: Analysis of Ethical Issues & Practices Reported by Scientific & Engineering Participants \u201dAccountability in Research(2025): doi:10.1080\/08989621.2025.2491106; see also Consortium on Law and Values in Health Environment & the Life Sciences \u201cNSF Engineering Research Center for Advanced Technologies for the Preservation of Biological Systems (ATP\u2010Bio) \u201d 2025 https:\/\/consortium.umn.edu\/grant\/nsf\u2010engineering\u2010research\u2010center\u2010advanced\u2010technologies\u2010preservation\u2010biological\u2010systems\u2010atp\u2010bio.","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2025.2491106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"The literature on the science of team science frequently analyzes the degree of disciplinary integration in a research collaboration. The National Academies\u2019 2025 report on team science decries \u201cthe inconsistent use of such terms ascross\u2010disciplinary interdisciplinary multidisciplinary andtransdisciplinary\u2026. Within the science of team science these terms have been defined to delineate distinct levels of integration interdependence communication and coordination among team members from different disciplines.\u201d National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine The Science and Practice of Team Science 19. For recommended definitions see ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"See e.g. \u201cHistory of Research Ethics \u201d University of Nevada Las Vegas Division of Research accessed May 27 2025 https:\/\/www.unlv.edu\/research\/ORI\u2010HSR\/history\u2010ethics; \u201cWhat Regulations Protect Research Participants? \u201d U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office for Human Research Protections last reviewed October 17 2023 https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/ohrp\/education\u2010and\u2010outreach\/about\u2010research\u2010participation\/protecting\u2010research\u2010volunteers\/principal\u2010regulations\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"\u201cThe Belmont Report \u201d U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office for Human Research Protections accessed August 26 2024 https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/ohrp\/regulations\u2010and\u2010policy\/belmont\u2010report\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"\u201cFederal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (\u2018Common Rule\u2019) \u201d U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office for Human Research Protections last reviewed January 15 2026 https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/ohrp\/regulations\u2010and\u2010policy\/regulations\/common\u2010rule\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration Institutional Review Boards 21 C.F.R. 56 https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/chapter\u2010I\/subchapter\u2010A\/part-56; U.S. Food and Drug Administration Protection of Human Subjects 21 C.F.R. 50 https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-21\/chapter\u2010I\/subchapter\u2010A\/part-50."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume-title":"On Being a Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research","author":"National Academy of Sciences","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"On Leading a Lab: Strengthening Scientific Leadership in Responsible Research: Proceedings of a Workshop","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195135602.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.56174"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","article-title":"Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects","volume":"82","author":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security","year":"2017","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Homeland Securityet al. \u201cFederal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects \u201d7150."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.9836"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Homeland Securityet al. \u201cFederal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects \u201d7208."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"SeeFinal NIH Policy on the Use of a Single Institutional Review Board for Multi\u2010Site Research NOT\u2010OD-16-094 June 21 2016 https:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/grants\/guide\/notice\u2010files\/NOT\u2010OD-16-094.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2019.394"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Homeland Securityet al. \u201cFederal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects \u201d7208."},{"issue":"187","key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"58,752","article-title":"Proposed Rule, Institutional Review Boards; Cooperative Research, 21 C.F.R. 56","volume":"87","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration","year":"2022","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2023.517"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1017\/cts.2022.391.","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2022.391"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eahr.500215"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"Institutional oversight bodies specializing in research ethics such as IRBs may offer divergent guidance on collaborative research crossing multiple institutions. One attempt to mitigate this problem is the NIH single IRB policy and related guidance. See \u201cSingle IRB for Multi\u2010Site or Cooperative Research \u201d National Institutes of Health accessed September 3 2024 https:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/policy\/humansubjects\/single\u2010irb\u2010policy\u2010multi\u2010site\u2010research.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","unstructured":"National Research Council Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science 2\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 5\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Fostering Integrity in Research","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225837"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1556264616668775"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-019-00112-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsa.2021.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2015.1023951"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221082970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2020.512"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci9070119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","unstructured":"SeeNational Science Foundation \u201cNSF 24-576: Gen-4 Engineering Research Centers \u201d May 20 2024 https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/funding\/opportunities\/erc\u2010gen-4-engineering\u2010research\u2010centers\/nsf24-576\/solicitation; National Science Foundation Gen-4 Performance Criteria for ERCs updated April 2025 accessible via \u201cAnnual Report and Site Visit Guidelines\u201d: \u201cSite Visit Information\u201d: \u201cPerformance Criteria \u201d at ERC Web ERC Library https:\/\/www.erc\u2010reports.org\/public\/library; VentureWell \u201cStakeholder Engagement & Impact Collaborative (SEIC) \u201d accessed April 11 2025 at ERC Webhttps:\/\/venturewell.notion.site\/ERC\u2010Stakeholder\u2010Engagement\u2010Impact\u2010Collaborative\u2010SEIC\u2010d1fa803dc9ed45c68180f694bfba88e3."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","unstructured":"SeeVentureWell \u201cStakeholder Engagement & Impact Collaborative (SEIC).\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","unstructured":"Hallet al. \u201cThe Science of Team Science \u201d533."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","unstructured":"Variations on this I\u2010P\u2010O model are widely used in SciTS analyses. See e.g. National Research Council Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science 62(which states \u201cMost of the research on team effectiveness has been substantially influenced by the input\u2010process\u2010output [IPO] heuristic posed by McGrath (1964)\u201d); see also National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine The Science and Practice of Team Science 165 215 (on the \u201cinput\u2010mediator\u2010output\u2010input team framework\u201d)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","unstructured":"See e.g. National Research Council Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science 62\u201363. Although the SciTS literature includes important empirical studies there is wide agreement that further development of the empirical literature is needed. See e.g. Hall et al. \u201cThe Science of Team Science\u201d; National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine The Science and Practice of Team Science 88-89. The SciTS literature recognizes the even greater complexity of studying \u201cteams of teams\u201d or multiteam systems. See Hall et al. \u201cThe Science of Team Science \u201d 541 (on analyzing multiteam systems) and National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine The Science and Practice of Team Science 221-26 (on the same)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","unstructured":"See e.g. National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine The Science and Practice of Team Science 13(asserting \u201cFor science teams to succeed they need to develop competencies relevant to both taskwork and teamwork\u201d)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","unstructured":"SeeRoehriget al. \u201cPerceptions of Network\u2010Level Ethics in an Engineering Research Center.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","unstructured":"SeeS. M.Wolfet al. \u201cEducational Case Studies on Research Ethics & Responsible Conduct of Research in Multi\u2010Institutional Research Networks \u201d Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science 2025 https:\/\/onlineethics.org\/cases\/stem\u2010ethics\u2010projects-2017-present\/netethics\u2010educational\u2010case\u2010studies\u2010research\u2010ethics."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","unstructured":"To share NetEthics work and help catalyze investigation across other research networks we sponsored a virtual conference in November 2025. See \u201cNetEthics: Developing Tools for Research Networks to Support Ethical & Responsible Research \u201d Consortium on Law and Values in Health Environment & the Life Sciences November 14 2025 https:\/\/consortium.umn.edu\/event\/netethics\u2010developing\u2010tools\u2010research\u2010networks\u2010support\u2010ethical\u2010responsible\u2010research."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","unstructured":"On collaboration agreements seeBennett Gadlin andMarchand Collaboration and Team Science 45."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7461.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","unstructured":"See \u201cWelcome Gen-4 ERC Class of 2024 \u201d Engineering Research Centers National Science Foundation 2024 https:\/\/erc\u2010assoc.org\/Gen-4-ERC\u2010Class-2024 which explains \u201cEach new ERC is required to submit a collection of documents within 90 days of award.\u201d TheERC Best Practices Manualalso fails to address this instead treating the ethical and responsible conduct of research as the responsibility of each institution cooperating in the network not the responsibility of the network as a whole. See National Science Foundation Engineering Research Centers Authoring Committee ERC Best Practices Manual(Arlington VA: National Science Foundation 2021) sections 6.2.5-6.2.6 https:\/\/erc\u2010assoc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-02\/BestPracticesManual_9\u201030\u201021.pdf."}],"container-title":["Hastings Center Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.70046","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hast.70046","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hast.70046","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T14:37:21Z","timestamp":1787150241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hast.70046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hast.70046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.70046","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-0334","1552-146X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-0334","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-146X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}