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We hypothesized that abnormalities in the cerebral cortex of subjects with amblyopia exist, possibly as a result of experience\u2010dependent neuronal plasticity. Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and psychophysical vision testing was carried out on 74 subjects divided into two age ranges, 7\u201312 years and 18\u201335 years, and three diagnoses, strabismic amblyopia, anisometropic amblyopia, and normal vision. We report a behavioral impairment in contrast sensitivity for subjects with amblyopia, consistent with previous reports. When the high\u2010resolution MRI brain images were analyzed quantitatively with optimized voxel\u2010based morphometry, results indicated that adults and children with amblyopia have decreased gray matter volume in visual cortical regions, including the calcarine sulcus, known to contain primary visual cortex. This finding was confirmed with a separate region\u2010of\u2010interest analysis. For the children with amblyopia, additional gray matter reductions in parietal\u2010occipital areas and ventral temporal cortex were detected, consistent with recent reports that amblyopia can result in spatial location and object processing deficits. These data are the first to provide possible neuroanatomic bases for the loss of binocularity and visual sensitivity in children and adults with amblyopia. Hum Brain Mapp 25:222\u2013236, 2005. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,21]],"date-time":"2005-04-21T22:16:41Z","timestamp":1114121801000},"page":"222-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Voxel\u2010based analysis of MRI detects abnormal visual cortex in children and adults with amblyopia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Janine D.","family":"Mendola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian P.","family":"Conner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suk\u2010Tak","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry L.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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