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Chronic HPA axis hypoactivity inhibits hippocampal gray matter (GM) development, as shown by animal studies. However, associations among adverse parenting experiences during childhood and adolescence, HPA axis activity, and brain development, particularly hippocampal development, are insufficiently investigated in humans. In this voxel\u2010based structural magnetic resonance imaging study, using a cross\u2010sectional design, we examined the associations among the scores of parental bonding instrument (PBI; a self\u2010report scale to rate the attitudes of parents during the first 16 years), cortisol response determined by the dexamethasone\/corticotropin\u2010releasing hormone test, and regional or total hippocampal GM volume in forty healthy young adults with the following features: aged between 18 and 35 years, no cortisol hypersecretion in response to the dexamethasone test, no history of traumatic events, or no past or current conditions of significant medical illness or neuropsychiatric disorders. As a result, parental overprotection scores significantly negatively correlated with cortisol response. Additionally, a significant positive association was found between cortisol response and total or regional hippocampal GM volume. No significant association was observed between PBI scores and total or regional hippocampal GM volume. In conclusion, statistical associations were found between parental overprotection during childhood and adolescence and adulthood HPA axis hypoactivity, and between HPA axis hypoactivity and hippocampal GM volume reduction in healthy young adults, but no significant relationship was observed between any PBI scores and adulthood hippocampal GM volume. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2211\u20132223, 2012. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,3]],"date-time":"2011-12-03T23:59:18Z","timestamp":1322956758000},"page":"2211-2223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Associations among parenting experiences during childhood and adolescence, hypothalamus\u2010pituitary\u2010adrenal axis hypoactivity, and hippocampal gray matter volume reduction in young adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Narita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Fujihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Takei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Suda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Aoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Uehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takehiko","family":"Majima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Kosaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Amanuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Mikuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2006.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0582"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000111347"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.924"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"BrettM AntonJ ValabregueR PolineJ(2002):Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox [abstract]. 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